fig4

Figure 4. (A) XRD patterns of V₂O₅ nanosheets treated under different conditions^[41]. (Open access); (B) Raman spectra of bulk TiO₂, surface defected TiO₂ (D-TiO₂), holey TiO₂ nanosheets (H-TiO₂ NSs) and holey TiO₂ nanosheets treated at 500 °C for different times (HD-TiO₂ NSs). (Reproduced with permission^[46]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier); (C-E) XAFS analysis of different Mn-containing materials, including Mn K-edge XANES spectra (C), Mn K-edge EXAFS spectra (D), and FT-EXAFS spectra (E). (Reproduced with permission^[89]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier); (F and G) O K-edge (F) and Co L2,3-edge (G) XANES spectra of SS@L-CoO and reference CoO. (Reproduced with permission^[36]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier); (H and I) PL spectra (H) and time-resolved transient PL decay (I) of WO₃, V_o-WO₃, and Pt-V_o-WO₃-1.5. (Reproduced with permission^[70]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier); (J) Positron lifetimes of different lifetime components of δ-MnO₂ catalysts prepared under different hydrothermal temperatures. (Reproduced with permission^[92]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society). XRD: X-ray diffraction; XAFS: X-ray absorption fine structure; XANES: X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy; EXAFS: extended X-ray absorption fine structure; FT: Fourier transform; PL: photoluminescence.