fig3

Figure 3. (A) Performance differences between a three-electrode setup and an AWE in evaluating the same NiFe@NF electrode for OER. Reproduced with permission from ref.^[31]. Copyright 2023, Nature Publishing Group; (B) Structural modification differences between a three-electrode setup and an AWE in evaluating the same Ru@Cu-TM electrode for HER. Reproduced with permission from ref.^[31]. Copyright 2023, Nature Publishing Group. AWE: Alkaline water electrolyzer; NF: Ni foam; OER: oxygen evolution reaction; TM: Ti mesh; HER: hydrogen evolution reaction.