fig1

Figure 1. Schematics of water-splitting setups at three different levels. (A) A three-electrode setup at the electrode level; (B) A single-cell AWE at the cell level; (C) A stationary AWE system at the system level. The photos in (A and B) depict setups used in the authors’ laboratory, while the photo in (C) is reprinted from Nel Hydrogen. GDL: Gas diffusion layer; AWE: alkaline water electrolyzer.