fig6

Figure 6. (A) Conversion of methyl levulinate (□) and LA (■) to GVL after 2 h using Zr-Beta-100 and ZrO(OH)_n-T as catalysts. Reaction conditions included 1 mmol of substrate, 5 mL of 2-pentanol, 200 mg of catalyst, and a temperature of 118 °C; (B) GVL yield as a function of time for the MPV reaction of LA over Zr-Beta-100 at 250 °C in a continuous flow reactor, with a WHSV of 0.64 h^-1. The catalyst was regenerated at 110 and 218 h. Reproduced with permission^[40]. Copyright Royal Society of Chemistry. LA: Levulinic acid; GVL: γ-valerolactone; MPV: Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley; WHSV: weight hourly space velocity.