fig6

Figure 6. (A) Schematic of structured electrode additive manufacturing for 3D graphite thick electrode with an out-of-plane aligned architecture; (B) The SEM image of the 3D graphite electrode; (C) Cycle performance of 3D graphite electrodes at 0.1C and 0.2C^[82]. Copyright 2022, ACS; (D) Apparent viscosity as a function of shear rate for pristine CNF gel, CNF ink and CNF/LFP ink; (E) The storage modulus, G’, and loss modulus, G”, as a function of shear stress for CNF and CNF/LFP inks^[83]. Copyright 2019, WILEY-VCH; (F) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of the 3D-printed TPU-based electrodes; (G) Stress-strain curve of TPU-LFP and PLA-LFP filaments; (H) Optical photograph of TPU-LFP and PLA-LFP filaments during the tensile strength evaluation; (I) Capacity retention comparison of TPU-LFP with previously reported values^[84]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH; (J) Inner part of SEM images of the 40% PEGDME500 homogeneous filament sample^[85]. Copyright 2018, ACS; (K) Schematic of 3D MoS₂-rGO aerogel preparation diagram; (L) Rate performance of the MoS₂-rGO aerogel at different current density values (100, 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 mA·g^-1)^[86]. Copyright 2019, The authors, published by Elsevier; (M) Change in resistance ΔR/R (%) with cycle number of different layers of printed graphene^[87]. Copyright 2021, ACS; (N) The increase of volumetric energy density of cells with structured cathodes at different C-rates^[55]. Copyright 2019, The authors, published by MDPI; (O) SEM images of (A) graphite anode and (B) LCO cathode; (a1 and b1) and (a3 and b3) are high-magnified images at unstructured and laser-structured regions, respectively, and (a2 and b2) are cross-section images; (P) Areal discharge capacity of the full cells considering electrode mass concerning current rates^[90]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. 3D: Three-dimensional; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; CNF: cellulose nanofiber; LFP: lithium iron phosphate; G’: storage modulus; G”: loss modulus; TPU: thermoplastic polyurethane; PLA: polylactic acid; PEGDME: poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether; rGO: reduced graphene oxide; LCO: lithium cobalt oxide.