fig1
Figure 1. Imbedded interface-the electrical double layer. (A) schematic of the classical Gouy-Chapman-Stern model. The IHP, OHP and diffuse layer are indicated. The potential φ is shown with respect to the distance from the surface. The yellow and purple denote the cations and anions, respectively; (B) schematic of the modulation setup consisting of piezo-actuated chopped incoming X-ray and