REFERENCES
1. Gaudino E, Cravotto G, Manzoli M, Tabasso S. Sono- and mechanochemical technologies in the catalytic conversion of biomass. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021, 50, 1785-812.
2. Hergesell, A. H.; Baarslag, R. J.; Seitzinger, C. L.; et al. Surface-activated mechano-catalysis for ambient conversion of plastic waste. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 26139-47.
4. Dong, L.; Li, L.; Chen, H.; Cao, Y.; Lei, H. Mechanochemistry: fundamental principles and applications. Adv. Sci. (Weinh). 2025, 12, e2403949.
5. Baláž, P.; Achimovičová, M.; Baláž, M.; et al. Hallmarks of mechanochemistry: from nanoparticles to technology. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 7571-637.
7. Heinicke, G. Tribochemistry. Akademie-Verlag: Berlin, 1984. https://books.google.com/books/about/Tribochemistry.html?id=ZfQ_EQAAQBAJ (accessed 2026-9-28).
8. Muratov, V.; Luangvaranunt, T.; Fischer, T. The tribochemistry of silicon nitride: effects of friction, temperature and sliding velocity. Tribol. Int. 1998, 31, 601-11.
9. Hermann, G. N.; Becker, P.; Bolm, C. Mechanochemical iridium(III)-catalyzed C-H bond amidation of benzamides with sulfonyl azides under solvent-free conditions in a ball mill. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2016, 55, 3781-4.
10. Pickhardt, W.; Kraus, F. J. L.; Wohlgemuth, M.; et al. Direct mechanocatalysis with Pd alloys. ChemCatChem 2024, 16, e202400491.
11. Wohlgemuth, M.; Schmidt, S.; Mayer, M.; Pickhardt, W.; Graetz, S.; Borchardt, L. Solid-state oxidation of alcohols in gold-coated milling vessels via direct mechanocatalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2024, 63, e202405342.
12. 12 Kajdas, C.; Hiratsuka, K., Eds. Tribocatalysis, tribochemistry, and tribocorrosion; Pan Stanford Publishing: Singapore, 2018.
13. Onodera, T.; Kawasaki, K.; Nakakawaji, T.; et al. Tribocatalytic reaction of polytetrafluoroethylene sliding on an aluminum surface. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2015, 119, 15954-62.
14. Franco, A.; Jérôme, F.; De, Oliveira. Vigier. K. Mechanocatalysis: background and challenges. npj. Mater. Sustain. 2026, 4, 105.
15. Hick, S. M.; Griebel, C.; Restrepo, D. T.; et al. Mechanocatalysis for biomass-derived chemicals and fuels. Green. Chem. 2010, 12, 468.
16. Luterbacher, J. S.; Martin, Alonso. D.; Dumesic, J. A. Targeted chemical upgrading of lignocellulosic biomass to platform molecules. Green. Chem. 2014, 16, 4816-38.
17. Kleine, T.; Buendia, J.; Bolm, C. Mechanochemical degradation of lignin and wood by solvent-free grinding in a reactive medium. Green. Chem. 2013, 15, 160-6.
18. Berman, D.; Erdemir, A. Achieving ultralow friction and wear by tribocatalysis: enabled by in-operando formation of nanocarbon films. ACS. Nano. 2021, 15, 18865-79.
19. Song, W.; Li, J.; Zeng, C.; et al. Tribo-catalysis triggered the in-situ formation of amphiphilic molecules to reduce friction and wear. Tribol. Int. 2023, 185, 108541.
20. Berman, D.; Erdemir, A. The role of tribocatalysis in friction and wear: a review. Lubricants 2025, 13, 442.
21. Li, P.; Wu, J.; Wu, Z.; et al. Strong tribocatalytic dye decomposition through utilizing triboelectric energy of barium strontium titanate nanoparticles. Nano. Energy. 2019, 63, 103832.
22. Burmeister, C. F.; Kwade, A. Process engineering with planetary ball mills. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 7660-7.
23. Tricker, A. W.; Samaras, G.; Hebisch, K. L.; Realff, M. J.; Sievers, C. Hot spot generation, reactivity, and decay in mechanochemical reactors. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 382, 122954.
24. Delogu, F.; Cocco, G. Weakness of the “hot spots” approach to the kinetics of mechanically induced phase transformations. J. Alloys. Compd. 2008, 465, 540-6.
25. Friščić, T.; Halasz, I.; Beldon, P. J.; et al. Real-time and in situ monitoring of mechanochemical milling reactions. Nat. Chem. 2013, 5, 66-73.
26. Gracin, D.; Štrukil, V.; Friščić, T.; Halasz, I.; Užarević, K. Laboratory real-time and in situ monitoring of mechanochemical milling reactions by Raman spectroscopy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2014, 53, 6193-7.
27. Michalchuk, A. A. L.; Emmerling, F. Time-resolved in situ monitoring of mechanochemical reactions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2022, 61, e202117270.
28. Mateti, S.; Mathesh, M.; Liu, Z.; et al. Mechanochemistry: a force in disguise and conditional effects towards chemical reactions. Chem. Commun. (Camb). 2021, 57, 1080-92.
29. Mckissic, K. S.; Caruso, J. T.; Blair, R. G.; Mack, J. Comparison of shaking versus baking: further understanding the energetics of a mechanochemical reaction. Green. Chem. 2014, 16, 1628.
30. Meng, Q.; Shao, M.; Su, H.; et al. Influence of humidity on the tribological properties of PTFE/Al2O3 and PTFE/SiO2 composites: an interpretation based on the tribocatalysis mechanism. Tribol. Int. 2026, 219, 111820.
31. Nadeem, I.; Finšgar, M.; Dražić, G.; et al. Macroscale superlubricity with a high load-carrying capacity enabled by nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots in lubricated silicon-doped amorphous carbon films. Small. Struct. 2025, 6, 2400671.
32. Xu, Y.; Li, S.; Zhong, H.; Hu, K.; Ren, T. Highly graphitized carbonaceous transfer tribofilms tribo-catalyzed by slightly water-soluble additives for reducing friction and wear of polylactic acid. Tribol. Int. 2026, 218, 111715.
33. Feng, Y.; Ling, L.; Wang, Y.; et al. Engineering spherical lead zirconate titanate to explore the essence of piezo-catalysis. Nano. Energy. 2017, 40, 481-6.
34. Zhu, R.; Xu, Y.; Bai, Q.; Wang, Z.; Guo, X.; Kimura, H. Direct degradation of dyes by piezoelectric fibers through scavenging low frequency vibration. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2018, 702, 26-31.
35. Liu, X.; Shen, L.; Xu, W.; et al. Low frequency hydromechanics-driven generation of superoxide radicals via optimized piezotronic effect for water disinfection. Nano. Energy. 2021, 88, 106290.
36. Cui, X.; Guo, Z.; Lei, H.; et al. Tribo-catalytic degradation of methyl orange solutions enhanced by silicon single crystals. Coatings 2023, 13, 1804.
37. Li, P.; Tang, C.; Cheng, L.; Hu, Y.; Xiao, X.; Chen, W. Reduction of CO2 by TiO2 nanoparticles through friction in water. Acta. Phys. Sin. 2021, 70, 214601.
38. Cui, X.; Li, P.; Lei, H.; et al. Greatly enhanced tribocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants by TiO2 nanoparticles through efficiently harvesting mechanical energy. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2022, 289, 120814.
39. Molla, R.; Aktar, S.; Roy, S. S.; Alam, N.; Tamang, A.; Chattopadhyay, B. TiO2 incorporated polystyrene composites for triboelectric nanogenerator applications and tribo-catalytic dye degradation. Colloids. Surf. A:. Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2026, 746, 140763.
40. Gu, Y.; Cheng, X.; Wang, R.; et al. PTFE-enhanced tribocatalytic degradation of high-concentration (100-500 mg/L) rhodamine B solutions using TiO2 nanoparticles. Coatings 2026, 16, 111.
41. Hu, J.; Ma, W.; Pan, Y.; et al. Insights on the mechanism of Fe doped ZnO for tightly-bound extracellular polymeric substances tribo-catalytic degradation: the role of hydration layers at the interface. Chemosphere 2021, 276, 130170.
42. Lei, H.; Cui, X.; Jia, X.; Qi, J.; Wang, Z.; Chen, W. Enhanced tribocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants by ZnO nanoparticles of high crystallinity. Nanomaterials. (Basel). 2022, 13, 46.
43. Ivanova, D.; Kolev, H.; Mladenova, R.; Stefanov, B. I.; Kaneva, N. Harvesting friction energy on zinc oxide and zinc oxide/europium oxide sol-gel catalysts for tribocatalytic paracetamol degradation. Molecules 2025, 30, 2265.
44. Yang, B.; Chen, H.; Yang, Y.; et al. Insights into the tribo-/pyro-catalysis using Sr-doped BaTiO3 ferroelectric nanocrystals for efficient water remediation. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 416, 128986.
45. Gaur, A.; Porwal, C.; Chauhan, V. S.; Vaish, R. Tribocatalytic investigation of BaTiO3 for dye removal from water. J. Mater. Sci:. Mater. Electron. 2023, 34, 11511.
46. Geng, L.; Qian, Y.; Song, W.; Bao, L. Enhanced tribocatalytic pollutant degradation through tuning oxygen vacancy in BaTiO3 nanoparticles. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2023, 637, 157960.
47. Zhu, M.; Zhou, Z.; Gu, Y.; et al. Powerful tribocatalytic degradation of methyl orange solutions with concentrations as high as 100 mg/L by BaTiO3 nanoparticles. Nanomaterials. (Basel). 2025, 15, 1135.
48. Cao, J.; Jia, Y.; Wan, X.; et al. Strong tribocatalysis of strontium titanate nanofibers through harvesting friction energy for dye decomposition. Ceram. Int. 2022, 48, 9651-7.
49. Xu, Y.; Meng, Y.; Xiang, X.; et al. Modulating low-frequency tribocatalytic performance through defects in uni-doped and bi-doped SrTiO3. J. Adv. Ceram. 2024, 13, 1153-63.
50. Chen, B.; Cheng, C.; Xu, T.; et al. High tribocatalytic nitrogen fixation at friction interface between non-piezoelectric SrTiO3 nanosheets and PTFE. Surf. Interfaces. 2025, 65, 106461.
51. Yang, B.; Chen, H.; Guo, X.; et al. Enhanced tribocatalytic degradation using piezoelectric CdS nanowires for efficient water remediation. J. Mater. Chem. C. 2020, 8, 14845-54.
52. Aktar, S.; Roy, S. S.; Paul, D.; Mridha, S.; Tamang, A.; Chattopadhyay, B. Tribo-catalytic dye-degrading and antibacterial performance of CdS quantum dot-incorporated polystyrene nanocomposite membrane. Colloids. Surf. A:. Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2026, 749, 141257.
53. Xu, X.; Mao, C.; Song, J.; et al. Surprising effects of Ti and Al2O3 coatings on tribocatalytic degradation of organic dyes by GaN nanoparticles. Materials. (Basel). 2024, 17, 3487.
54. Wang, Y.; Wu, Z.; Hong, S.; et al. Highly efficient tribocatalysis of superhard SiC for water purification. Nanomaterials. (Basel). 2025, 15, 1206.
55. Jia, X.; Wang, H.; Lei, H.; et al. Boosting tribo-catalytic conversion of H2O and CO2 by Co3O4 nanoparticles through metallic coatings in reactors. J. Adv. Ceram. 2023, 12, 1833-43.
56. Lei, H.; Jia, X.; Wang, H.; et al. Tribo-catalytic conversions of H2O and CO2 by NiO particles in reactors with plastic and metallic coatings. Coatings 2023, 13, 396.
57. Yu, H.; Fu, J.; Zhu, X.; et al. Tribocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants using Fe2O3 nanoparticles. ACS. Appl. Nano. Mater. 2023, 6, 14364-73.
58. Li, P.; Tang, C.; Xiao, X.; Jia, Y.; Chen, W. Flammable gases produced by TiO2 nanoparticles under magnetic stirring in water. Friction 2022, 10, 1127-33.
59. Ikeda, S.; Takata, T.; Komoda, M.; et al. Mechano-catalysis - a novel method for overall water splitting. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 1999, 1, 4485-91.
60. Ross, D. S. Comment on “A study of mechano-catalysis for overall water splitting”. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2004, 108, 19076-7.
61. Zhou, J.; Cui, X.; Zhang, J.; et al. Surprising tribocatalytic production of H2 from H2O by silicon single crystals via low-speed magnetic stirring. Catalysts 2026, 16, 523.
62. Jin, Z.; Zheng, X.; Zhu, Z.; et al. Enhanced triboelectric degradation of organics by regulating oxygen vacancies and constructing heterojunctions. Appl. Surf. Science. 2023, 625, 157228.
63. Wang, Y.; Shen, S.; Liu, M.; He, G.; Li, X. Enhanced tribocatalytic degradation performance of organic pollutants by Cu1.8S/CuCo2S4 p-n junction. J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2024, 655, 187-98.
64. Zhou, Z.; Luo, R.; Mao, C.; Hu, Y.; Chen, W. Contrasting tribocatalytic degradations of organic dyes by two different commercial silicon powders. J. Adv. Dielect. 2025, 15, 2450025.
65. Mao, C.; Guo, Z.; Chen, W. Coating disk-shaped materials on the bottoms of vessels: a convenient while marvelous practice for tribocatalysis. Surf. Interfaces. 2025, 60, 106106.
66. Wang, T.; Wei, Z.; Wang, X.; Zhang, L.; Zhao, W.; Yue, C. Oxygen-vacancy-engineered BiO2-x/Bi2O3 heterojunctions for synergistic photo-tribocatalytic degradation and broad-spectrum antibacterial performance. React. Chem. Eng. 2026, 11, 731-45.
67. Sharma, A. K.; Vaish, R.; Singh, G. Solar energy enhanced tribocatalytic dye degradation using high entropy perovskite ceramics. Solar. Energy. 2025, 301, 113906.
68. Xu, Z.; Liu, C.; Cong, H.; Kong, Y.; Wang, P.; Li, X. Oxygen vacancy-engineered Z-scheme Bi2O2CO3/ZnFe2O4 heterojunction for day-night tribo-photocatalytic removal of pollutants. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2025, 13, 118459.
69. Zhou, Z.; Chen, R.; Zhu, H.; Hu, Y.; Li, N.; Chen, W. Tribocatalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate by TiO2 nanoparticles for powerful degradation of organic pollutants. J. Adv. Ceram. 2026, 15, 9221237.
70. Lee, J.; von, Gunten. U.; Kim, J. H. Persulfate-based advanced oxidation: critical assessment of opportunities and roadblocks. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 3064-81.
71. Chen, Y.; Lan, S.; Zhu, M. Construction of piezoelectric BaTiO3/MoS2 heterojunction for boosting piezo-activation of peroxymonosulfate. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2021, 32, 2052-6.
72. Sawama, Y.; Niikawa, M.; Sajiki, H. Stainless steel ball milling for hydrogen generation and its application for reduction. J. Synth. Org. Chem. Jpn. 2019, 77, 1070-7.
73. Han, G. F.; Li, F.; Chen, Z. W.; et al. Mechanochemistry for ammonia synthesis under mild conditions. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2021, 16, 325-30.
74. Pickhardt, W.; Grätz, S.; Borchardt, L. Direct mechanocatalysis: using milling balls as catalysts. Chemistry 2020, 26, 12903-11.
75. Cui, X.; Wang, H.; Lei, H.; et al. Surprising tribo-catalytic conversion of H2O and CO2 into flammable gases utilizing frictions of copper in water. ChemistrySelect 2023, 8, e202204146.
76. Zhu, H.; Zhou, Z.; Ke, S.; Mao, C.; Song, J.; Chen, W. Tribocatalytic degradation of organic dyes by disk-shaped PTFE and titanium: a powder-free catalytic technology for wastewater treatment. Catalysts 2025, 15, 754.
77. Lei, H.; Wu, Z.; Wang, H.; et al. Converting H2O and CO2 into chemical fuels by nickel via friction. Surf. Interfaces. 2024, 46, 104203.
78. Wu, Z.; Xu, T.; Ruan, L.; et al. Strong tribocatalytic nitrogen fixation of graphite carbon nitride g-C3N4 through harvesting friction energy. Nanomaterials. (Basel). 2022, 12, 1981.
79. Sui, X.; Yang, Z.; Xiao, J.; et al. Highly efficient tribocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production over Fe2O3 nanoparticles and the reaction pathways. J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2026, 720, 140693.
80. Jin, Z.; Su, B.; Wu, S.; et al. Tribocatalytic recycling of lithium-ion batteries. J. Adv. Ceram. 2025, 14, 9221121.
81. Zhang, S.; Gao, F.; Fang, M.; et al. Catalyst-free extraction of U(VI) in solution by tribocatalysis. Adv. Sci. (Weinh). 2024, 11, e2404397.



