REFERENCES
1. Hill AJ, Williams CM, Whalley BJ, Stephens GJ. Phytocannabinoids as novel therapeutic agents in CNS disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2012;133:79-97.
2. Xue B, Zhang X, Wang Y. Bench to bedside: Multiple facets of cannabinoid control in epilepsy. Neurochem Int 2020;141:104898.
3. Hill MN, Gorzalka BB. Impairments in endocannabinoid signaling and depressive illness. JAMA 2009;301:1165-6.
4. Howlett AC, Barth F, Bonner TI, et al. International union of pharmacology. XXVII. Classification of cannabinoid receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2002;54:161-202.
5. Nakazi M, Bauer U, Nickel T, Kathmann M, Schlicker E. Inhibition of serotonin release in the mouse brain via presynaptic cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 2000;361:19-24.
6. Maejima T, Ohno-Shosaku T, Kano M. Endogenous cannabinoid as a retrograde messenger from depolarized postsynaptic neurons to presynaptic terminals. Neurosci Res 2001;40:205-10.
7. Schlicker E, Kathmann M. Modulation of transmitter release via presynaptic cannabinoid receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2001;22:565-72.
8. Skupio U, Welte J, Serrat R, et al. Mitochondrial cannabinoid receptors gate corticosterone impact on novel object recognition. Neuron 2023;111:1887-97.e6.
9. Soria-Gomez E, Pagano Zottola AC, Mariani Y, et al. Subcellular specificity of cannabinoid effects in striatonigral circuits. Neuron 2021;109:1513-26.e11.
10. Buckley NE, McCoy KL, Mezey E, et al. Immunomodulation by cannabinoids is absent in mice deficient for the cannabinoid CB2 receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2000;396:141-9.
11. Stella N. Cannabinoid and cannabinoid-like receptors in microglia, astrocytes, and astrocytomas. Glia 2010;58:1017-30.
12. Van Sickle MD, Duncan M, Kingsley PJ, et al. Identification and functional characterization of brainstem cannabinoid CB2 receptors. Science 2005;310:329-32.
13. Zhang HY, Gao M, Liu QR, et al. Cannabinoid CB2 receptors modulate midbrain dopamine neuronal activity and dopamine-related behavior in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014;111:E5007-15.
14. Castillo PE, Younts TJ, Chávez AE, Hashimotodani Y. Endocannabinoid signaling and synaptic function. Neuron 2012;76:70-81.
16. Lutz B, Marsicano G, Maldonado R, Hillard CJ. The endocannabinoid system in guarding against fear, anxiety and stress. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015;16:705-18.
17. Coghill RC. The distributed nociceptive system: a framework for understanding pain. Trends Neurosci 2020;43:780-94.
18. Hill KP. Medical marijuana for treatment of chronic pain and other medical and psychiatric problems: a clinical review. JAMA 2015;313:2474-83.
19. Whiting PF, Wolff RF, Deshpande S, et al. Cannabinoids for medical use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2015;313:2456-73.
20. Aggarwal SK. Cannabinergic pain medicine: a concise clinical primer and survey of randomized-controlled trial results. Clin J Pain 2013;29:162-71.
21. Martin BR, Lichtman AH. Cannabinoid transmission and pain perception. Neurobiol Dis 1998;5:447-61.
22. Donvito G, Nass SR, Wilkerson JL, et al. The endogenous cannabinoid system: a budding source of targets for treating inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018;43:52-79.
23. Foadi N, Berger C, Pilawski I, et al. Inhibition of voltage-gated Na+ channels by the synthetic cannabinoid ajulemic acid. Anesth Analg 2014;118:1238-45.
24. Liktor-Busa E, Keresztes A, LaVigne J, Streicher JM, Largent-Milnes TM. Analgesic potential of terpenes derived from cannabis sativa. Pharmacol Rev 2021;73:98-126.
25. Mlost J, Wąsik A, Starowicz K. Role of endocannabinoid system in dopamine signalling within the reward circuits affected by chronic pain. Pharmacol Res 2019;143:40-7.
26. Monory K, Blaudzun H, Massa F, et al. Genetic dissection of behavioural and autonomic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice. PLoS Biol 2007;5:e269.
27. Agarwal N, Pacher P, Tegeder I, et al. Cannabinoids mediate analgesia largely via peripheral type 1 cannabinoid receptors in nociceptors. Nat Neurosci 2007;10:870-9.
28. Cabañero D, Ramírez-López A, Drews E, et al. Protective role of neuronal and lymphoid cannabinoid CB2 receptors in neuropathic pain. Elife 2020;9:e55582.
29. Bouchet CA, Ingram SL. Cannabinoids in the descending pain modulatory circuit: role in inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2020;209:107495.
30. Meng ID, Manning BH, Martin WJ, Fields HL. An analgesia circuit activated by cannabinoids. Nature 1998;395:381-3.
31. Lau BK, Drew GM, Mitchell VA, Vaughan CW. Endocannabinoid modulation by FAAH and monoacylglycerol lipase within the analgesic circuitry of the periaqueductal grey. Br J Pharmacol 2014;171:5225-36.
32. Lau BK, Vaughan CW. Descending modulation of pain: the GABA disinhibition hypothesis of analgesia. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014;29:159-64.
33. Zhu H, Xiang HC, Li HP, et al. Inhibition of GABAergic neurons and excitation of glutamatergic neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray participate in electroacupuncture analgesia mediated by cannabinoid receptor. Front Neurosci 2019;13:484.
34. Kawahara H, Drew GM, Christie MJ, Vaughan CW. Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase unmasks CB1 receptor and TRPV1 channel-mediated modulation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in midbrain periaqueductal grey. Br J Pharmacol 2011;163:1214-22.
35. Olango WM, Roche M, Ford GK, Harhen B, Finn DP. The endocannabinoid system in the rat dorsolateral periaqueductal grey mediates fear-conditioned analgesia and controls fear expression in the presence of nociceptive tone. Br J Pharmacol 2012;165:2549-60.
36. Gregg LC, Jung KM, Spradley JM, et al. Activation of type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptors and diacylglycerol lipase-α initiates 2-arachidonoylglycerol formation and endocannabinoid-mediated analgesia. J Neurosci 2012;32:9457-68.
37. Wedzony K, Chocyk A. Cannabinoid CB1 receptors in rat medial prefrontal cortex are colocalized with calbindin- but not parvalbumin- and calretinin-positive GABA-ergic neurons. Pharmacol Rep 2009;61:1000-7.
38. Ji G, Neugebauer V. CB1 augments mGluR5 function in medial prefrontal cortical neurons to inhibit amygdala hyperactivity in an arthritis pain model. Eur J Neurosci 2014;39:455-66.
39. Zhang Z, Gadotti VM, Chen L, Souza IA, Stemkowski PL, Zamponi GW. Role of prelimbic GABAergic circuits in sensory and emotional aspects of neuropathic pain. Cell Rep 2015;12:752-9.
40. Kiritoshi T, Ji G, Neugebauer V. Rescue of impaired mGluR5-driven endocannabinoid signaling restores prefrontal cortical output to inhibit pain in arthritic rats. J Neurosci 2016;36:837-50.
41. Maire JJ, Close LN, Heinricher MM, Selden NR. Distinct pathways for norepinephrine- and opioid-triggered antinociception from the amygdala. Eur J Pain 2016;20:206-14.
42. Ji G, Sun H, Fu Y, et al. Cognitive impairment in pain through amygdala-driven prefrontal cortical deactivation. J Neurosci 2010;30:5451-64.
43. Ren W, Kiritoshi T, Grégoire S, et al. Neuropeptide S: a novel regulator of pain-related amygdala plasticity and behaviors. J Neurophysiol 2013;110:1765-81.
44. Manning BH, Martin WJ, Meng ID. The rodent amygdala contributes to the production of cannabinoid-induced antinociception. Neuroscience 2003;120:1157-70.
45. Hasanein P, Parviz M, Keshavarz M, Javanmardi K. CB1 receptor activation in the basolateral amygdala produces antinociception in animal models of acute and tonic nociception. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007;34:439-49.
46. McGaraughty S, Heinricher MM. Microinjection of morphine into various amygdaloid nuclei differentially affects nociceptive responsiveness and RVM neuronal activity. Pain 2002;96:153-62.
47. Okine BN, Madasu MK, McGowan F, et al. N-palmitoylethanolamide in the anterior cingulate cortex attenuates inflammatory pain behaviour indirectly via a CB1 receptor-mediated mechanism. Pain 2016;157:2687-96.
48. Zhao Z, Soria-Gómez E, Varilh M, et al. A novel cortical mechanism for top-down control of water intake. Curr Biol 2020;30:4789-98.e4.
49. Wang H, Dong P, He C, et al. Incerta-thalamic circuit controls nocifensive behavior via cannabinoid type 1 receptors. Neuron 2020;107:538-51.e7.
50. Witkin JM, Tzavara ET, Davis RJ, Li X, Nomikos GG. A therapeutic role for cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists in major depressive disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2005;26:609-17.
51. Gorzalka BB, Hill MN, Hillard CJ. Regulation of endocannabinoid signaling by stress: implications for stress-related affective disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008;32:1152-60.
52. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:617-27.
53. Hindley G, Beck K, Borgan F, et al. Psychiatric symptoms caused by cannabis constituents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2020;7:344-53.
54. Sumislawski JJ, Ramikie TS, Patel S. Reversible gating of endocannabinoid plasticity in the amygdala by chronic stress: a potential role for monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition in the prevention of stress-induced behavioral adaptation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011;36:2750-61.
55. Gobbi G, Bambico FR, Mangieri R, et al. Antidepressant-like activity and modulation of brain monoaminergic transmission by blockade of anandamide hydrolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:18620-5.
56. Schlosburg JE, Blankman JL, Long JZ, et al. Chronic monoacylglycerol lipase blockade causes functional antagonism of the endocannabinoid system. Nat Neurosci 2010;13:1113-9.
57. Gunduz-Cinar O, MacPherson KP, Cinar R, et al. Convergent translational evidence of a role for anandamide in amygdala-mediated fear extinction, threat processing and stress-reactivity. Mol Psychiatry 2013;18:813-23.
58. Paulus MP, Stein MB, Simmons AN, Risbrough VB, Halter R, Chaplan SR. The effects of FAAH inhibition on the neural basis of anxiety-related processing in healthy male subjects: a randomized clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021;46:1011-9.
59. Rubino T, Guidali C, Vigano D, et al. CB1 receptor stimulation in specific brain areas differently modulate anxiety-related behaviour. Neuropharmacology 2008;54:151-60.
60. Vinod KY, Hungund BL. Role of the endocannabinoid system in depression and suicide. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006;27:539-45.
61. Covington III HE, Lobo MK, Maze I, et al. Antidepressant effect of optogenetic stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 2010;30:16082-90.
62. Sibille E, Arango V, Galfalvy HC, et al. Gene expression profiling of depression and suicide in human prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;29:351-61.
63. Drevets WC. Functional anatomical abnormalities in limbic and prefrontal cortical structures in major depression. Prog Brain Res 2000;126:413-31.
64. Geuze E, Vermetten E, Bremner JD. MR-based in vivo hippocampal volumetrics: 2. findings in neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2005;10:160-84.
65. Drevets WC, Bogers W, Raichle ME. Functional anatomical correlates of antidepressant drug treatment assessed using PET measures of regional glucose metabolism. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2002;12:527-44.
68. Pollak Dorocic I, Fürth D, Xuan Y, et al. A whole-brain atlas of inputs to serotonergic neurons of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. Neuron 2014;83:663-78.
69. Lazary J, Juhasz G, Hunyady L, Bagdy G. Personalized medicine can pave the way for the safe use of CB1 receptor antagonists. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011;32:270-80.
70. Geddes SD, Assadzada S, Lemelin D, et al. Target-specific modulation of the descending prefrontal cortex inputs to the dorsal raphe nucleus by cannabinoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016;113:5429-34.
71. Crowe MS, Nass SR, Gabella KM, Kinsey SG. The endocannabinoid system modulates stress, emotionality, and inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2014;42:1-5.
72. Hill MN, McLaughlin RJ, Pan B, et al. Recruitment of prefrontal cortical endocannabinoid signaling by glucocorticoids contributes to termination of the stress response. J Neurosci 2011;31:10506-15.
73. Gunduz-Cinar O, Castillo LI, Xia M, et al. A cortico-amygdala neural substrate for endocannabinoid modulation of fear extinction. Neuron 2023:S0896-6273(23)00482-8.
74. Pickel VM, Bourie F, Chan J, Mackie K, Lane DA, Wang G. Chronic adolescent exposure to ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol decreases NMDA current and extrasynaptic plasmalemmal density of NMDA GluN1 subunits in the prelimbic cortex of adult male mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020;45:374-83.
75. Gunduz-Cinar O, Hill MN, McEwen BS, Holmes A. Amygdala FAAH and anandamide: mediating protection and recovery from stress. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013;34:637-44.
77. Jenniches I, Ternes S, Albayram O, et al. Anxiety, stress, and fear response in mice with reduced endocannabinoid levels. Biol Psychiatry 2016;79:858-68.
78. Bowers ME, Ressler KJ. Interaction between the cholecystokinin and endogenous cannabinoid systems in cued fear expression and extinction retention. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015;40:688-700.
79. Ganon-Elazar E, Akirav I. Cannabinoid receptor activation in the basolateral amygdala blocks the effects of stress on the conditioning and extinction of inhibitory avoidance. J Neurosci 2009;29:11078-88.
80. McDonald AJ. Expression of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) in CCK-immunoreactive axon terminals in the basolateral amygdala of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Neurosci Lett 2021;745:135503.
81. Katona I, Rancz EA, Acsady L, et al. Distribution of CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the amygdala and their role in the control of GABAergic transmission. J Neurosci 2001;21:9506-18.
82. Yoshida T, Uchigashima M, Yamasaki M, et al. Unique inhibitory synapse with particularly rich endocannabinoid signaling machinery on pyramidal neurons in basal amygdaloid nucleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:3059-64.
83. Little JP, Carter AG. Synaptic mechanisms underlying strong reciprocal connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala. J Neurosci 2013;33:15333-42.
84. Bluett RJ, Báldi R, Haymer A, et al. Endocannabinoid signalling modulates susceptibility to traumatic stress exposure. Nat Commun 2017;8:14782.
85. Shen CJ, Zheng D, Li KX, et al. Cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the amygdalar cholecystokinin glutamatergic afferents to nucleus accumbens modulate depressive-like behavior. Nat Med 2019;25:337-49.
86. Yang B, Sanches-Padilla J, Kondapalli J, et al. Locus coeruleus anchors a trisynaptic circuit controlling fear-induced suppression of feeding. Neuron 2021;109:823-838.e6.
87. Gothelf D, Soreni N, Nachman RP, et al. Evidence for the involvement of the hippocampus in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2000;10:389-95.
88. Takács VT, Szőnyi A, Freund TF, Nyiri G, Gulyás AI. Quantitative ultrastructural analysis of basket and axo-axonic cell terminals in the mouse hippocampus. Brain Struct Funct 2015;220:919-40.
89. Loureiro M, Kramar C, Renard J, Rosen LG, Laviolette SR. Cannabinoid transmission in the hippocampus activates nucleus accumbens neurons and modulates reward and aversion-related emotional salience. Biol Psychiatry 2016;80:216-25.
90. Hwang EK, Lupica CR. Altered corticolimbic control of the nucleus accumbens by long-term Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure. Biol Psychiatry 2020;87:619-31.
91. Wang M, Hill MN, Zhang L, Gorzalka BB, Hillard CJ, Alger BE. Acute restraint stress enhances hippocampal endocannabinoid function via glucocorticoid receptor activation. J Psychopharmacol 2012;26:56-70.
92. Wang Y, Gu N, Duan T, et al. Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors produce pro- or antidepressant responses via hippocampal CA1 GABAergic synapses. Mol Psychiatry 2017;22:215-26.
93. Zhong P, Wang W, Pan B, et al. Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition blocks chronic stress-induced depressive-like behaviors via activation of mTOR signaling. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014;39:1763-76.
94. Maroto IB, Costas-Insua C, Berthoux C, et al. Control of a hippocampal recurrent excitatory circuit by cannabinoid receptor-interacting protein Gap43. Nat Commun 2023;14:2303.
95. Jensen KR, Berthoux C, Nasrallah K, Castillo PE. Multiple cannabinoid signaling cascades powerfully suppress recurrent excitation in the hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021;118:e2017590118.
96. Miczán V, Kelemen K, Glavinics JR, et al. NECAB1 and NECAB2 are prevalent calcium-binding proteins of CB1/CCK-positive GABAergic interneurons. Cereb Cortex 2021;31:1786-806.
97. Boulos LJ, Darcq E, Kieffer BL. Translating the habenula-from rodents to humans. Biol Psychiatry 2017;81:296-305.
98. Fakhoury M. The habenula in psychiatric disorders: more than three decades of translational investigation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017;83:721-35.
99. Vickstrom CR, Liu X, Liu S, et al. Role of endocannabinoid signaling in a septohabenular pathway in the regulation of anxiety- and depressive-like behavior. Mol Psychiatry 2021;26:3178-91.
100. Berger AL, Henricks AM, Lugo JM, et al. The lateral habenula directs coping styles under conditions of stress via recruitment of the endocannabinoid system. Biol Psychiatry 2018;84:611-23.
101. Banaszkiewicz I, Biala G, Kruk-Slomka M. Contribution of CB2 receptors in schizophrenia-related symptoms in various animal models: short review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020;114:158-71.
102. Winters ND, Kondev V, Loomba N, Delpire E, Grueter BA, Patel S. Opposing retrograde and astrocyte-dependent endocannabinoid signaling mechanisms regulate lateral habenula synaptic transmission. Cell Rep 2023;42:112159.
103. Manz KM, Coleman BC, Jameson AN, Ghose DG, Patel S, Grueter BA. Cocaine restricts nucleus accumbens feedforward drive through a monoamine-independent mechanism. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022;47:652-63.
104. Chen J, Wang Y, Chen C, et al. Activation of medial septum cholinergic neurons restores cognitive function in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neural Regen Res 2023;18:2459-65.
105. Dong A, He K, Dudok B, et al. A fluorescent sensor for spatiotemporally resolved imaging of endocannabinoid dynamics in vivo. Nat Biotechnol 2022;40:787-98.
106. Navarrete M, Araque A. Endocannabinoids potentiate synaptic transmission through stimulation of astrocytes. Neuron 2010;68:113-26.
107. Gómez-Gonzalo M, Navarrete M, Perea G, et al. Endocannabinoids induce lateral long-term potentiation of transmitter release by stimulation of gliotransmission. Cereb Cortex 2015;25:3699-712.
108. Ortega-Alvaro A, Aracil-Fernández A, García-Gutiérrez MS, Navarrete F, Manzanares J. Deletion of CB2 cannabinoid receptor induces schizophrenia-related behaviors in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011;36:1489-504.
109. Foster DJ, Wilson JM, Remke DH, et al. Antipsychotic-like effects of M4 positive allosteric modulators are mediated by CB2 receptor-dependent inhibition of dopamine release. Neuron 2016;91:1244-52.
110. Kunos G, Osei-Hyiaman D, Bátkai S, Sharkey KA, Makriyannis A. Should peripheral CB1 cannabinoid receptors be selectively targeted for therapeutic gain? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2009;30:1-7.
111. Gutierrez T, Farthing JN, Zvonok AM, Makriyannis A, Hohmann AG. Activation of peripheral cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors suppresses the maintenance of inflammatory nociception: a comparative analysis. Br J Pharmacol 2007;150:153-63.
