REFERENCES
1. Ginhoux F, Greter M, Leboeuf M, et al. Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages. Science 2010;330:841-5.
2. Gomez Perdiguero E, Klapproth K, Schulz C, et al. Tissue-resident macrophages originate from yolk-sac-derived erythro-myeloid progenitors. Nature 2015;518:547-51.
3. Salter MW, Stevens B. Microglia emerge as central players in brain disease. Nat Med 2017;23:1018-27.
4. Barger N, Keiter J, Kreutz A, et al. Microglia: an intrinsic component of the proliferative zones in the fetal rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex 2019;29:2782-96.
5. Ransohoff RM, Cardona AE. The myeloid cells of the central nervous system parenchyma. Nature 2010;468:253-62.
6. Noctor SC, Penna E, Shepherd H, et al. Periventricular microglial cells interact with dividing precursor cells in the nonhuman primate and rodent prenatal cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol 2019;527:1598-609.
7. Cunningham CL, Martínez-Cerdeño V, Noctor SC. Microglia regulate the number of neural precursor cells in the developing cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 2013;33:4216-33.
8. Paolicelli RC, Bolasco G, Pagani F, et al. Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development. Science 2011;333:1456-8.
9. Schafer DP, Lehrman EK, Kautzman AG, et al. Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner. Neuron 2012;74:691-705.
10. Lukens JR, Eyo UB. Microglia and neurodevelopmental disorders. Annu Rev Neurosci 2022;45:425-45.
11. Sekar A, Bialas AR, de Rivera H, et al. Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4. Nature 2016;530:177-83.
12. Neniskyte U, Gross CT. Errant gardeners: glial-cell-dependent synaptic pruning and neurodevelopmental disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 2017;18:658-70.
13. Koizumi S, Shigemoto-Mogami Y, Nasu-Tada K, et al. UDP acting at P2Y6 receptors is a mediator of microglial phagocytosis. Nature 2007;446:1091-5.
14. Nimmerjahn A, Kirchhoff F, Helmchen F. Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo. Science 2005;308:1314-8.
15. Perry VH, Nicoll JAR, Holmes C. Microglia in neurodegenerative disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2010;6:193-201.
17. Tang Y, Le W. Differential roles of M1 and M2 microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2016;53:1181-94.
18. Le W, Wu J, Tang Y. Protective microglia and their regulation in Parkinson’s disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2016;9:89.
19. Li C, Ren J, Zhang M, et al. The heterogeneity of microglial activation and its epigenetic and non-coding RNA regulations in the immunopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022;79:511.
20. Wolf SA, Boddeke HWGM, Kettenmann H. Microglia in physiology and disease. Annu Rev Physiol 2017;79:619-43.
21. Masuda T, Sankowski R, Staszewski O, et al. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of mouse and human microglia at single-cell resolution. Nature 2019;566:388-92.
23. Dawson TM, Golde TE, Lagier-Tourenne C. Animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Neurosci 2018;21:1370-9.
24. Friedman BA, Srinivasan K, Ayalon G, et al. Diverse brain myeloid expression profiles reveal distinct microglial activation states and aspects of Alzheimer’s disease not evident in mouse models. Cell Rep 2018;22:832-47.
25. Ueda Y, Gullipalli D, Song WC. Modeling complement-driven diseases in transgenic mice: values and limitations. Immunobiology 2016;221:1080-90.
26. Hasselmann J, Blurton-Jones M. Human iPSC-derived microglia:a growing toolset to study the brain’s innate immune cells. Glia 2020;68:721-39.
27. Hasselmann J, Coburn MA, England W, et al. Development of a chimeric model to study and manipulate human microglia in vivo. Neuron 2019;103:1016-33.e10.
28. Gosselin D, Skola D, Coufal NG, et al. An environment-dependent transcriptional network specifies human microglia identity. Science 2017;356:eaal3222.
29. Galatro TF, Holtman IR, Lerario AM, et al. Transcriptomic analysis of purified human cortical microglia reveals age-associated changes. Nat Neurosci 2017;20:1162-71.
30. Burns TC, Li MD, Mehta S, Awad AJ, Morgan AA. Mouse models rarely mimic the transcriptome of human neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic bioinformatics-based critique of preclinical models. Eur J Pharmacol 2015;759:101-17.
31. Bohlen CJ, Bennett FC, Tucker AF, Collins HY, Mulinyawe SB, Barres BA. Diverse requirements for microglial survival, specification, and function revealed by defined-medium cultures. Neuron 2017;94:759-73.e8.
32. Butovsky O, Jedrychowski MP, Moore CS, et al. Identification of a unique TGF-β-dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia. Nat Neurosci 2014;17:131-43.
33. Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 2007;131:861-72.
34. Tang Y, Liu ML, Zang T, Zhang CL. Direct reprogramming rather than iPSC-based reprogramming maintains aging hallmarks in human motor neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2017;10:359.
35. Shi Y, Inoue H, Wu JC, Yamanaka S. Induced pluripotent stem cell technology: a decade of progress. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017;16:115-30.
36. Lee G, Studer L. Induced pluripotent stem cell technology for the study of human disease. Nat Methods 2010;7:25-7.
37. Fernando MB, Ahfeldt T, Brennand KJ. Modeling the complex genetic architectures of brain disease. Nat Genet 2020;52:363-9.
38. Muffat J, Li Y, Yuan B, et al. Efficient derivation of microglia-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Med 2016;22:1358-67.
39. Pandya H, Shen MJ, Ichikawa DM, et al. Differentiation of human and murine induced pluripotent stem cells to microglia-like cells. Nat Neurosci 2017;20:753-9.
40. Abud EM, Ramirez RN, Martinez ES, et al. iPSC-derived human microglia-like cells to study neurological diseases. Neuron 2017;94:278-93.e9.
41. Douvaras P, Sun B, Wang M, et al. Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to microglia. Stem Cell Reports 2017;8:1516-24.
42. Haenseler W, Sansom SN, Buchrieser J, et al. A highly efficient human pluripotent stem cell microglia model displays a neuronal-co-culture-specific expression profile and inflammatory response. Stem Cell Reports 2017;8:1727-42.
43. Takata K, Kozaki T, Lee CZW, et al. Induced-pluripotent-stem-cell-derived primitive macrophages provide a platform for modeling tissue-resident macrophage differentiation and function. Immunity 2017;47:183-98.e6.
44. Park J, Wetzel I, Marriott I, et al. A 3D human triculture system modeling neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Neurosci 2018;21:941-51.
45. Brownjohn PW, Smith J, Solanki R, et al. Functional studies of missense TREM2 mutations in human stem cell-derived microglia. Stem Cell Reports 2018;10:1294-307.
46. Xu R, Boreland AJ, Li X, et al. Developing human pluripotent stem cell-based cerebral organoids with a controllable microglia ratio for modeling brain development and pathology. Stem Cell Reports 2021;16:1923-37.
47. Schafer ST, Mansour AA, Schlachetzki JCM, et al. An in vivo neuroimmune organoid model to study human microglia phenotypes. Cell 2023;186:2111-26.e20.
48. Mancuso R, Van Den Daele J, Fattorelli N, et al. Stem-cell-derived human microglia transplanted in mouse brain to study human disease. Nat Neurosci 2019;22:2111-6.
49. Svoboda DS, Barrasa MI, Shu J, et al. Human iPSC-derived microglia assume a primary microglia-like state after transplantation into the neonatal mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019;116:25293-303.
50. Xu R, Li X, Boreland AJ, et al. Human iPSC-derived mature microglia retain their identity and functionally integrate in the chimeric mouse brain. Nat Commun 2020;11:1577.
51. Fattorelli N, Martinez-Muriana A, Wolfs L, Geric I, De Strooper B, Mancuso R. Stem-cell-derived human microglia transplanted into mouse brain to study human disease. Nat Protoc 2021;16:1013-33.
52. Jiang P, Turkalj L, Xu R. High-fidelity modeling of human microglia with pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2020;26:629-31.
53. Kierdorf K, Erny D, Goldmann T, et al. Microglia emerge from erythromyeloid precursors via Pu.1- and Irf8-dependent pathways. Nat Neurosci 2013;16:273-80.
54. Schulz C, Gomez Perdiguero E, Chorro L, et al. A lineage of myeloid cells independent of Myb and hematopoietic stem cells. Science 2012;336:86-90.
55. Timmerman R, Burm SM, Bajramovic JJ. An overview of in vitro methods to study microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 2018;12:242.
56. Speicher AM, Wiendl H, Meuth SG, Pawlowski M. Generating microglia from human pluripotent stem cells: novel in vitro models for the study of neurodegeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2019;14:46.
57. Chen SW, Hung YS, Fuh JL, et al. Efficient conversion of human induced pluripotent stem cells into microglia by defined transcription factors. Stem Cell Reports 2021;16:1363-80.
58. Speicher AM, Korn L, Csatári J, et al. Deterministic programming of human pluripotent stem cells into microglia facilitates studying their role in health and disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022;119:e2123476119.
59. Davalos D, Grutzendler J, Yang G, et al. ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo. Nat Neurosci 2005;8:752-8.
60. Dolan MJ, Therrien M, Jereb S, et al. Exposure of iPSC-derived human microglia to brain substrates enables the generation and manipulation of diverse transcriptional states in vitro. Nat Immunol 2023;24:1382-90.
61. Liddelow SA, Guttenplan KA, Clarke LE, et al. Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia. Nature 2017;541:481-7.
62. Rothhammer V, Borucki DM, Tjon EC, et al. Microglial control of astrocytes in response to microbial metabolites. Nature 2018;557:724-8.
63. Marinelli S, Basilico B, Marrone MC, Ragozzino D. Microglia-neuron crosstalk: signaling mechanism and control of synaptic transmission. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019;94:138-51.
64. Sheridan GK, Murphy KJ. Neuron-glia crosstalk in health and disease: fractalkine and CX3CR1 take centre stage. Open Biol 2013;3:130181.
65. Stankovic ND, Teodorczyk M, Ploen R, Zipp F, Schmidt MHH. Microglia-blood vessel interactions: a double-edged sword in brain pathologies. Acta Neuropathol 2016;131:347-63.
66. Yousef H, Czupalla CJ, Lee D, et al. Aged blood impairs hippocampal neural precursor activity and activates microglia via brain endothelial cell VCAM1. Nat Med 2019;25:988-1000.
67. Merlini M, Rafalski VA, Rios Coronado PE, et al. Fibrinogen induces microglia-mediated spine elimination and cognitive impairment in an Alzheimer’s disease model. Neuron 2019;101:1099-108.e6.
68. Cardona AE, Pioro EP, Sasse ME, et al. Control of microglial neurotoxicity by the fractalkine receptor. Nat Neurosci 2006;9:917-24.
69. Muffat J, Li Y, Omer A, et al. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived glial cells and neural progenitors display divergent responses to Zika and dengue infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018;115:7117-22.
70. Guttikonda SR, Sikkema L, Tchieu J, et al. Fully defined human pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia and tri-culture system model C3 production in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Neurosci 2021;24:343-54.
71. Lancaster MA, Renner M, Martin CA, et al. Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. Nature 2013;501:373-9.
72. Lancaster MA, Knoblich JA. Generation of cerebral organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Protoc 2014;9:2329-40.
73. Mansour AA, Gonçalves JT, Bloyd CW, et al. An in vivo model of functional and vascularized human brain organoids. Nat Biotechnol 2018;36:432-41.
74. Zhang W, Jiang J, Xu Z, et al. Microglia-containing human brain organoids for the study of brain development and pathology. Mol Psychiatry 2023;28:96-107.
75. Karperien A, Ahammer H, Jelinek HF. Quantitating the subtleties of microglial morphology with fractal analysis. Front Cell Neurosci 2013;7:3.
76. Lin YT, Seo J, Gao F, et al. APOE4 causes widespread molecular and cellular alterations associated with Alzheimer’s disease phenotypes in human iPSC-derived brain cell types. Neuron 2018;98:1141-54.e7.
77. Fagerlund I, Dougalis A, Shakirzyanova A, et al. Microglia-like cells promote neuronal functions in cerebral organoids. Cells 2021;11:124.
78. Song L, Yuan X, Jones Z, et al. Functionalization of brain region-specific spheroids with isogenic microglia-like cells. Sci Rep 2019;9:11055.
79. Jin M, Xu R, Wang L, et al. Type-I-interferon signaling drives microglial dysfunction and senescence in human iPSC models of Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease. Cell Stem Cell 2022;29:1135-53.e8.
80. Ormel PR, de Sá RV, van Bodegraven EJ, et al. Microglia innately develop within cerebral organoids. Nat Commun 2018;9:4167.
81. Quadrato G, Nguyen T, Macosko EZ, et al. Cell diversity and network dynamics in photosensitive human brain organoids. Nature 2017;545:48-53.
82. Unger MS, Schernthaner P, Marschallinger J, Mrowetz H, Aigner L. Microglia prevent peripheral immune cell invasion and promote an anti-inflammatory environment in the brain of APP-PS1 transgenic mice. J Neuroinflammation 2018;15:274.
83. DeMaio A, Mehrotra S, Sambamurti K, Husain S. The role of the adaptive immune system and T cell dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neuroinflammation 2022;19:251.
84. Marsh SE, Abud EM, Lakatos A, et al. The adaptive immune system restrains Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis by modulating microglial function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016;113:E1316-25.
85. Li W, Gorantla S, Gendelman HE, Poluektova LY. Systemic HIV-1 infection produces a unique glial footprint in humanized mouse brains. Dis Model Mech 2017;10:1489-502.
87. Ascherio A, Schwarzschild MA. The epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease: risk factors and prevention. Lancet Neurol 2016;15:1257-72.
90. Zaletel I, Schwirtlich M, Perović M, et al. Early impairments of hippocampal neurogenesis in 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease are associated with altered expression of SOXB transcription factors. J Alzheimers Dis 2018;65:963-76.
91. Seshadri S, Fitzpatrick AL, Ikram MA, et al. Genome-wide analysis of genetic loci associated with Alzheimer disease. JAMA 2010;303:1832-40.
92. Wightman DP, Jansen IE, Savage JE, et al. Largest GWAS (N=1,126,563) of Alzheimer’s disease implicates microglia and immune cells. medRxiv. [Preprint.] November 23, 2020 [accessed 2023 September 6]. Available from: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.20235275v1.
93. Kosoy R, Fullard JF, Zeng B, et al. Genetics of the human microglia regulome refines Alzheimer’s disease risk loci. Nat Genet 2022;54:1145-54.
94. de Paiva Lope K, Snijders GJL, Humphrey J, et al. Genetic analysis of the human microglial transcriptome across brain regions, aging and disease pathologies. Nat Genet 2022;54:4-17.
95. Young AMH, Kumasaka N, Calvert F, et al. A map of transcriptional heterogeneity and regulatory variation in human microglia. Nat Genet 2021;53:861-8.
96. Tansey KE, Cameron D, Hill MJ. Genetic risk for Alzheimer’s disease is concentrated in specific macrophage and microglial transcriptional networks. Genome Med 2018;10:14.
97. Morabito S, Miyoshi E, Michael N, et al. Single-nucleus chromatin accessibility and transcriptomic characterization of Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Genet 2021;53:1143-55.
98. Liu T, Zhu B, Liu Y, et al. Multi-omic comparison of Alzheimer’s variants in human ESC-derived microglia reveals convergence at APOE. J Exp Med 2020;217:e20200474.
99. Bertram L, Lange C, Mullin K, et al. Genome-wide association analysis reveals putative Alzheimer’s disease susceptibility loci in addition to APOE. Am J Hum Genet 2008;83:623-32.
100. Yu JT, Jiang T, Wang YL, et al. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 variant is rare in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease in Han Chinese individuals. Neurobiol Aging 2014;35:937.e1-3.
101. Cakir B, Tanaka Y, Kiral FR, et al. Expression of the transcription factor PU.1 induces the generation of microglia-like cells in human cortical organoids. Nat Commun 2022;13:430.
102. Haenseler W, Zambon F, Lee H, et al. Excess α-synuclein compromises phagocytosis in iPSC-derived macrophages. Sci Rep 2017;7:9003.
103. Trudler D, Nazor KL, Eisele YS, et al. Soluble α-synuclein-antibody complexes activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in hiPSC-derived microglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021;118:e2025847118.
104. Langston RG, Beilina A, Reed X, et al. Association of a common genetic variant with Parkinson’s disease is mediated by microglia. Sci Transl Med 2022;14:eabp8869.
105. Guerreiro R, Wojtas A, Bras J, et al. TREM2 variants in Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 2013;368:117-27.
106. Jonsson T, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, et al. Variant of TREM2 associated with the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 2013;368:107-16.
107. Lambert JC, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Harold D, et al. Meta-analysis of 74,046 individuals identifies 11 new susceptibility loci for Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Genet 2013;45:1452-8.
108. Efthymiou AG, Goate AM. Late onset Alzheimer’s disease genetics implicates microglial pathways in disease risk. Mol Neurodegener 2017;12:43.
109. Jansen IE, Savage JE, Watanabe K, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new loci and functional pathways influencing Alzheimer’s disease risk. Nat Genet 2019;51:404-13.
110. Kunkle BW, Grenier-Boley B, Sims R, et al. Genetic meta-analysis of diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease identifies new risk loci and implicates Aβ, tau, immunity and lipid processing. Nat Genet 2019;51:414-30.
111. Raja WK, Mungenast AE, Lin YT, et al. Self-organizing 3D human neural tissue derived from induced pluripotent stem cells recapitulate Alzheimer’s disease phenotypes. PLoS One 2016;11:e0161969.
112. Victor MB, Leary N, Luna X, et al. Lipid accumulation induced by APOE4 impairs microglial surveillance of neuronal-network activity. Cell Stem Cell 2022;29:1197-212.e8.
113. Xiang X, Piers TM, Wefers B, et al. The Trem2 R47H Alzheimer’s risk variant impairs splicing and reduces Trem2 mRNA and protein in mice but not in humans. Mol Neurodegener 2018;13:49.
114. McQuade A, Kang YJ, Hasselmann J, et al. Gene expression and functional deficits underlie TREM2-knockout microglia responses in human models of Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Commun 2020;11:5370.
115. Jairaman A, McQuade A, Granzotto A, et al. TREM2 regulates purinergic receptor-mediated calcium signaling and motility in human iPSC-derived microglia. Elife 2022;11:e73021.
116. Piers TM, Cosker K, Mallach A, et al. A locked immunometabolic switch underlies TREM2 R47H loss of function in human iPSC-derived microglia. FASEB J 2020;34:2436-50.
117. Wißfeld J, Nozaki I, Mathews M, et al. Deletion of Alzheimer’s disease-associated CD33 results in an inflammatory human microglia phenotype. Glia 2021;69:1393-412.
118. Rolova T, Zhang F, Koskuvi M, Koistinaho J. The role of ABI3 in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia. Alzheimers Dement 2020;16:e047270.
119. Claes C, England WE, Danhash EP, et al. The P522R protective variant of PLCG2 promotes the expression of antigen presentation genes by human microglia in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. Alzheimers Dement 2022;18:1765-78.
120. Jäntti H, Sitnikova V, Ishchenko Y, et al. Microglial amyloid beta clearance is driven by PIEZO1 channels. J Neuroinflammation 2022;19:147.
121. Lorenzini I, Alsop E, Levy J, et al. Cellular and molecular phenotypes of C9orf72ALS/FTD patient derived iPSC-microglia mono-cultures. bioRxiv. [Preprint.] July 18, 2022 [accessed 2023 September 6]. Available from: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.277459v2.full.
122. Kerk SY, Bai Y, Smith J, et al. Homozygous ALS-linked FUS P525L mutations cell- autonomously perturb transcriptome profile and chemoreceptor signaling in human iPSC microglia. Stem Cell Rep 2022;17:678-92.
123. Eitan C, Siany A, Barkan E, et al. Whole-genome sequencing reveals that variants in the Interleukin 18 Receptor Accessory Protein 3'UTR protect against ALS. Nat Neurosci 2022;25:433-45.
124. Lott IT, Head E. Dementia in Down syndrome: unique insights for Alzheimer disease research. Nat Rev Neurol 2019;15:135-47.
125. McQuade A, Coburn M, Tu CH, Hasselmann J, Davtyan H, Blurton-Jones M. Development and validation of a simplified method to generate human microglia from pluripotent stem cells. Mol Neurodegener 2018;13:67.
126. Dräger NM, Sattler SM, Huang CTL, et al. A CRISPRi/a platform in human iPSC-derived microglia uncovers regulators of disease states. Nat Neurosci 2022;25:1149-62.
127. Capotondo A, Milazzo R, Garcia-Manteiga JM, et al. Intracerebroventricular delivery of hematopoietic progenitors results in rapid and robust engraftment of microglia-like cells. Sci Adv 2017;3:e1701211.
128. Marion RM, Strati K, Li H, et al. Telomeres acquire embryonic stem cell characteristics in induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2009;4:141-54.
129. Studer L, Vera E, Cornacchia D. Programming and reprogramming cellular age in the era of induced pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 2015;16:591-600.
130. Mahmoudi S, Brunet A. Aging and reprogramming: a two-way street. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012;24:744-56.
131. Olah M, Patrick E, Villani AC, et al. A transcriptomic atlas of aged human microglia. Nat Commun 2018;9:539.
132. Miller JD, Ganat YM, Kishinevsky S, et al. Human iPSC-based modeling of late-onset disease via progerin-induced aging. Cell Stem Cell 2013;13:691-705.
133. Vera E, Bosco N, Studer L. Generating late-onset human iPSC-based disease models by inducing neuronal age-related phenotypes through telomerase manipulation. Cell Rep 2016;17:1184-92.
134. Dong CM, Wang XL, Wang GM, et al. A stress-induced cellular aging model with postnatal neural stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2014;5:e1116.
135. Mertens J, Paquola ACM, Ku M, et al. Directly reprogrammed human neurons retain aging-associated transcriptomic signatures and reveal age-related nucleocytoplasmic defects. Cell Stem Cell 2015;17:705-18.
136. Victor MB, Richner M, Olsen HE, et al. Striatal neurons directly converted from Huntington’s disease patient fibroblasts recapitulate age-associated disease phenotypes. Nat Neurosci 2018;21:341-52.
137. Gascón S, Masserdotti G, Russo GL, Götz M. Direct neuronal reprogramming: achievements, hurdles, and new roads to success. Cell Stem Cell 2017;21:18-34.
138. Wang H, Yang Y, Liu J, Qian L. Direct cell reprogramming: approaches, mechanisms and progress. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021;22:410-24.
139. Yang SG, Wang XW, Qian C, Zhou FQ. Reprogramming neurons for regeneration: the fountain of youth. Prog Neurobiol 2022;214:102284.
140. Matsuda T, Irie T, Katsurabayashi S, et al. Pioneer factor NeuroD1 rearranges transcriptional and epigenetic profiles to execute microglia-neuron conversion. Neuron 2019;101:472-85.e7.
