REFERENCES
1. Roth GA, Abate D, Abate KH, et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2018;392:1736-88.
2. Bakhta K, Cecillon E, Lacombe E, Lamy M, Leboucher A, Philippe J. Alzheimer’s disease and neurodegenerative diseases in France. Lancet 2019;394:466-7.
3. Xu L, Liu T, Liu L, et al. Global variation in prevalence and incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol 2020;267:944-53.
4. Erkkinen MG, Kim MO, Geschwind MD. Clinical neurology and epidemiology of the major neurodegenerative diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018;10:a033118.
5. Procaccini C, Santopaolo M, Faicchia D, et al. Role of metabolism in neurodegenerative disorders. Metabolism 2016;65:1376-90.
6. Razay G, Vreugdenhil A, Wilcock G. Obesity, abdominal obesity and Alzheimer disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2006;22:173-6.
7. Sánchez-Gómez A, Díaz Y, Duarte-Salles T, Compta Y, Martí MJ. Prediabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of Parkinson’s disease: a population-based cohort study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021;89:22-7.
8. González A, Camila C, Maccioni RB. Alzheimer’s disease: a potential diabetes type 3. Alzheimer’s & Dementia 2021:17.
9. D’Amico E, Grosso G, Nieves JW, Zanghì A, Factor-Litvak P, Mitsumoto H. Metabolic abnormalities, dietary risk factors and nutritional management in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nutrients 2021;13:2273.
10. Shang X, Hill E, Zhu Z, et al. Macronutrient intake and risk of dementia in community-dwelling older adults: a nine-year follow-up cohort study. J Alzheimers Dis 2022;85:791-804.
11. Shan Z, Guo Y, Hu FB, Liu L, Qi Q. Association of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets with mortality among US adults. JAMA Intern Med 2020;180:513-23.
12. Ebbeling CB, Young IS, Lichtenstein AH, et al. Dietary fat: friend or foe? Clin Chem 2018;64:34-41.
13. Park S, Lee S, Kim Y, et al. Causal effects of relative fat, protein, and carbohydrate intake on chronic kidney disease: a Mendelian randomization study. Am J Clin Nutr 2021;113:1023-31.
14. Sekula P, Del Greco M F, Pattaro C, Köttgen A. Mendelian randomization as an approach to assess causality using observational data. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016;27:3253-65.
15. Smith G, Hemani G. Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies. Hum Mol Genet 2014;23:R89-98.
16. Holmes MV, Ala-Korpela M, Smith GD. Mendelian randomization in cardiometabolic disease: challenges in evaluating causality. Nat Rev Cardiol 2017;14:577-90.
17. Cheng WW, Zhu Q, Zhang HY. Mineral nutrition and the risk of chronic diseases: a mendelian randomization study. Nutrients 2019;11:378.
18. Davies NM, Holmes MV, Davey Smith G. Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians. BMJ 2018;362:k601.
19. Meddens SFW, de Vlaming R, Bowers P, et al. 23andMe Research Team; EPIC- InterAct Consortium; Lifelines Cohort Study. Genomic analysis of diet composition finds novel loci and associations with health and lifestyle. Mol Psychiatry 2021;26:2056-69.
20. Kunkle BW, Grenier-Boley B, Sims R, et al. Alzheimer Disease Genetics Consortium (ADGC); European Alzheimer’s Disease Initiative (EADI); Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Consortium (CHARGE); Genetic and Environmental Risk in AD/Defining Genetic; Polygenic and Environmental Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease Consortium (GERAD/PERADES). Genetic meta-analysis of diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease identifies new risk loci and implicates Aβ, tau, immunity and lipid processing. Nat Genet 2019;51:414-30.
21. Nalls MA, Blauwendraat C, Vallerga CL, et al. Identification of novel risk loci, causal insights, and heritable risk for Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. The Lancet Neurology 2019;18:1091-102.
22. Nicolas A, Kenna KP, Renton AE, et al. ITALSGEN Consortium; Genomic Translation for ALS Care (GTAC) Consortium; ALS Sequencing Consortium; NYGC ALS Consortium; Answer ALS Foundation; Clinical Research in ALS and Related Disorders for Therapeutic Development (CReATe) Consortium; SLAGEN Consortium; French ALS Consortium; Project MinE ALS Sequencing Consortium. Genome-wide analyses identify KIF5A as a novel ALS gene. Neuron 2018;97:1268-1283.e6.
23. Wang K, Ding L, Yang C, Hao X, Wang C. Exploring the relationship between psychiatric traits and the risk of mouth ulcers using bi-directional Mendelian randomization. Front Genet 2020;11:608630.
24. Huang SY, Yang YX, Zhang YR, et al. Investigating causal relations between circulating metabolites and Alzheimer’s disease: a Mendelian randomization study. J Alzheimers Dis 2022;87:463-77.
25. Chang CC, Chow CC, Tellier LC, Vattikuti S, Purcell SM, Lee JJ. Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. Gigascience 2015;4:7.
26. Lawlor DA, Harbord RM, Sterne JAC, Timpson N, Davey Smith G. Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology. Statist Med 2008;27:1133-63.
27. Li X, Tian Y, Yang YX, et al. Life course adiposity and Alzheimer’s disease: a Mendelian randomization study. J Alzheimers Dis 2021;82:503-12.
28. Zhang Q, Zhang X, Zhang J, et al. Causal relationship between lung function and atrial fibrillation: a two sample univariable and multivariable, bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021;8:769198.
29. Wei T, Guo Z, Wang Z, et al. Five major psychiatric disorders and Alzheimer’s disease: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. J Alzheimers Dis 2022;87:675-84.
30. Wang H, Guo Z, Zheng Y, Yu C, Hou H, Chen B. No casual relationship between T2DM and the risk of infectious diseases: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Genet 2021;12:720874.
31. Hartwig FP, Davey Smith G, Bowden J. Robust inference in summary data Mendelian randomization via the zero modal pleiotropy assumption. Int J Epidemiol 2017;46:1985-98.
32. Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Burgess S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol 2015;44:512-25.
33. Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Haycock PC, Burgess S. Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator. Genet Epidemiol 2016;40:304-14.
34. Verbanck M, Chen CY, Neale B, Do R. Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet 2018;50:693-8.
35. Nazarzadeh M, Pinho-Gomes AC, Bidel Z, et al. Plasma lipids and risk of aortic valve stenosis: a Mendelian randomization study. Eur Heart J 2020;41:3913-20.
36. Ning J, Huang SY, Chen SD, Zhang YR, Huang YY, Yu JT. Investigating casual associations among gut microbiota, metabolites, and neurodegenerative diseases: a Mendelian randomization study. J Alzheimers Dis 2022;87:211-22.
37. Hemani G, Zheng J, Elsworth B, et al. The MR-base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. Elife 2018;7:e34408.
38. Brion MJ, Shakhbazov K, Visscher PM. Calculating statistical power in Mendelian randomization studies. Int J Epidemiol 2013;42:1497-501.
39. Okamoto K, Kihira T, Kondo T, et al. Nutritional status and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Japan. Amyotroph Lateral Scler 2007;8:300-4.
40. Kim B, Jin Y, Kim SH, Park Y. Association between macronutrient intake and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis prognosis. Nutr Neurosci 2020;23:8-15.
41. Kioumourtzoglou MA, Rotem RS, Seals RM, Gredal O, Hansen J, Weisskopf MG. Diabetes mellitus, obesity, and diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population-based study. JAMA Neurol 2015;72:905-11.
42. Brito MD, da Silva GFG, Tilieri EM, Araujo BG, Calió ML, Rosenstock TR. Metabolic alteration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis outcome: a systematic review. Front Neurol 2019;10:1205.
43. Pradat PF, Bruneteau G, Gordon PH, et al. Impaired glucose tolerance in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler 2010;11:166-71.
44. Ferri A, Coccurello R. What is “Hyper” in the ALS hypermetabolism? Mediators Inflamm 2017;2017:7821672.
46. Gallo V, Wark PA, Jenab M, et al. Prediagnostic body fat and risk of death from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: the EPIC cohort. Neurology 2013;80:829-38.
47. O’Reilly ÉJ, Wang H, Weisskopf MG, et al. Premorbid body mass index and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2013;14:205-11.
48. Wills A, Hubbard J, Macklin EA, et al. Hypercaloric enteral nutrition in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. The Lancet 2014;383:2065-72.
49. Dupuis L, Oudart H, René F, Gonzalez de Aguilar JL, Loeffler JP. Evidence for defective energy homeostasis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: benefit of a high-energy diet in a transgenic mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:11159-64.
50. Mattson MP, Cutler RG, Camandola S. Energy intake and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. NMM 2007;9:17-20.
51. Mungas D, Cooper JK, Weiler PG, Gietzen D, Franzi C, Bernick C. Dietary preference for sweet foods in patients with dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990;38:999-1007.
52. Jenkins TA, Nguyen JC, Polglaze KE, Bertrand PP. Influence of tryptophan and serotonin on mood and cognition with a possible role of the gut-brain axis. Nutrients 2016;8:56.
53. Fernstrom JD, Wurtman RJ. Brain serotonin content: increase following ingestion of carbohydrate diet. Science 1971;174:1023-5.
54. Spring B, Chiodo J, Bowen DJ. Carbohydrates, tryptophan, and behavior: a methodological review. Psychol Bull 1987;102:234-56.
56. Zhang M, Yang XJ. Effects of a high fat diet on intestinal microbiota and gastrointestinal diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2016;22:8905-9.
57. Gao X, Chen H, Fung TT, et al. Prospective study of dietary pattern and risk of Parkinson disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1486-94.
58. Dong J, Beard JD, Umbach DM, et al. Dietary fat intake and risk for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2014;29:1623-30.
59. Féart C, Samieri C, Rondeau V, et al. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet, cognitive decline, and risk of dementia. JAMA 2009;302:638-48.
