REFERENCES
1. Mensah GA, Fuster V, Murray CJL, Roth GA. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risks, 1990-2022. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82:2350-473.
2. Yang L, Zheng B, Gong Y. Global, regional and national burden of ischemic heart disease and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2025;25:625.
3. Palaniappan LP, Allen NB, Almarzooq ZI, et al. 2026 heart disease and stroke statistics: a report of US and global data from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2026;153:e275-906.
4. Serruys PW, Ono M, Garg S, et al. Percutaneous coronary revascularization: JACC historical breakthroughs in perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78:384-407.
5. Mehta SR, Wood DA, Storey RF, et al. Complete revascularization with multivessel PCI for myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1411-21.
7. Kim Y, Kim JH, Hong SJ, et al. Widespread use of imaging-guided PCI in Asia: time for extended application. JACC Asia. 2024;4:639-56.
8. Inohara T, Kohsaka S, Spertus JA, et al. Comparative trends in percutaneous coronary intervention in Japan and the United States, 2013 to 2017. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:1328-40.
9. Timmis A, Aboyans V, Vardas P, et al. European Society of Cardiology: the 2023 atlas of cardiovascular disease statistics. Eur Heart J. 2024;45:4019-62.
10. Shah B, Smilowitz NR, Xia Y, et al. Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events After Colchicine Administration Before Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Follow-Up of the Colchicine-PCI Trial. Am J Cardiol. 2023;204:26-8.
11. Horne BD, Atreja N, Venditto J, et al. Contemporary predictors of major adverse cardiovascular events following percutaneous coronary intervention: a nationally representative US sample. J Clin Med. 2024;13:2844.
12. Bay B, Tanner R, Gao M, et al. Residual cholesterol and inflammatory risk in statin-treated patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention†. Eur Heart J. 2025;46:3167-77.
13. Jeremias A, Davies JE, Maehara A, et al. Blinded physiological assessment of residual ischemia after successful angiographic percutaneous coronary intervention: The DEFINE PCI study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12:1991-2001.
14. Tripathi A, Abbott JD, Fonarow GC, et al. Thirty-day readmission rate and costs after percutaneous coronary intervention in the United States: a national readmission database analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10:e005925.
15. Kwok CS, Rao SV, Potts JE, et al. Burden of 30-day readmissions after percutaneous coronary intervention in 833,344 patients in the United States: predictors, causes, and cost: insights from the nationwide readmission database. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2018;11:665-74.
16. Magnuson EA, Farkouh ME, Fuster V, et al. Cost-effectiveness of percutaneous coronary intervention with drug eluting stents versus bypass surgery for patients with diabetes mellitus and multivessel coronary artery disease: results from the FREEDOM trial. Circulation. 2013;127:820-31.
17. Arnold SV, de Lemos JA, Liu Y, et al. Adherence to guideline medication recommendations to prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease progression among adults with prior myocardial infarction. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e203032.
18. Harris DE, Lacey A, Akbari A, et al. Achievement of European guideline-recommended lipid levels post-percutaneous coronary intervention: a population-level observational cohort study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021;28:854-61.
19. Di Muro FM, Vogel B, Sartori S, et al. Prognostic impact of residual inflammatory and triglyceride risk in statin-treated patients with well-controlled LDL cholesterol and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2026;33:742-51.
20. Virani SS, Newby LK, Arnold SV, et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2023;148:e9-e119.
21. Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:3227-337.
22. Brown TM, Pack QR, Aberegg E, et al. Core components of cardiac rehabilitation programs: 2024 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Association of cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation. Circulation. 2024;150:e328-47.
23. Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Vadiveloo M, et al. 2021 dietary guidance to improve cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;144:e472-87.
24. Delgado-Lista J, Alcala-Diaz JF, Torres-Peña JD, et al. Long-term secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet and a low-fat diet (CORDIOPREV): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1876-85.
25. Giroli MG, Werba JP, Risé P, et al. Effects of mediterranean diet or low-fat diet on blood fatty acids in patients with coronary heart disease. A randomized intervention study. Nutrients. 2021;13:2389.
26. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:3-10.
27. Satija A, Bhupathiraju SN, Spiegelman D, et al. Healthful and unhealthful plant-based diets and the risk of coronary heart disease in U.S. adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:411-22.
28. Glenn AJ, Guasch-Ferré M, Malik VS, et al. Portfolio diet score and risk of cardiovascular disease: findings from 3 prospective cohort studies. Circulation. 2023;148:1750-63.
29. Seidelmann SB, Claggett B, Cheng S, et al. Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2018;3:e419-28.
30. Sacks FM, Lichtenstein AH, Wu JHY, et al. Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;136:e1-e23.
31. Lane MM, Gamage E, Du S, et al. Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses. BMJ. 2024;384:e077310.
32. Mendoza K, Smith-Warner SA, Rossato SL, et al. Ultra-processed foods and cardiovascular disease: analysis of three large US prospective cohorts and a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2024;37:100859.
33. Dibben GO, Faulkner J, Oldridge N, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:452-69.
34. Tucker WJ, Fegers-Wustrow I, Halle M, Haykowsky MJ, Chung EH, Kovacic JC. Exercise for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: JACC focus seminar 1/4. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80:1091-106.
35. Ganesananthan S, Rajkumar CA, Foley M, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and efficacy of percutaneous coronary intervention: a substudy of the ORBITA trial. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:3132-45.
36. Limonti F, Gigliotti A, Cecere L, et al. Evaluating the efficacy and impact of home-based cardiac telerehabilitation on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI): a systematic review. J Clin Med. 2025;14:4971.
37. Thomas RJ, Beatty AL, Beckie TM, et al. Home-based cardiac rehabilitation: a scientific statement from the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, the American Heart Association, and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation. 2019;140:e69-89.
38. Gupta R, Kirtane AJ, Liu Y, et al. Impact of smoking on platelet reactivity and clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: findings from the ADAPT-DES study. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12:e007982.
39. Yadav M, Mintz GS, Généreux P, et al. The smoker’s paradox revisited: a patient-level pooled analysis of 18 randomized controlled trials. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12:1941-50.
40. Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2021 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143:e254-743.
41. Zhang YJ, Iqbal J, van Klaveren D, et al. Smoking is associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients undergoing revascularization with PCI or CABG: the SYNTAX trial at 5-year follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:1107-15.
42. Ki YJ, Han K, Kim HS, Han JK. Smoking and cardiovascular outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: a Korean study. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:4461-72.
43. Kinlay S, Young MM, Gagnon DR. Smoking and 10-year risk of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular events after contemporary coronary stenting. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2024;19:100718.
44. Eisenberg MJ, Windle SB, Roy N, et al. Varenicline for smoking cessation in hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome. Circulation. 2016;133:21-30.
45. Pack QR, Priya A, Lagu TC, et al. Short-term safety of nicotine replacement in smokers hospitalized with coronary heart disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7:e009424.
46. Bae JW, Woo SI, Lee J, et al. mHealth interventions for lifestyle and risk factor modification in coronary heart disease: randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2021;9:e29928.
47. Cruz-Cobo C, Bernal-Jiménez MÁ, Calle G, et al. Efficacy of a mobile health app (eMOTIVA) regarding compliance with cardiac rehabilitation guidelines in patients with coronary artery disease: randomized controlled clinical trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2024;12:e55421.
48. Keskin K, Sezai Yildiz S, Çetinkal G, et al. Persistent smoking rate after coronary revascularization and factors related to smoking cessation in Turkey. J Public Health (Oxf). 2018;40:806-12.
49. Hao Y, Zhao D, Liu J, et al. Performance of management strategies with class i recommendations among patients hospitalized with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in China. JAMA Cardiol. 2022;7:484-91.
50. Yun J, Han K, Ki YJ, et al. Impact of alcohol consumption on cardiovascular events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. J Clin Med. 2024;13:6542.
51. Biddinger KJ, Emdin CA, Haas ME, et al. Association of habitual alcohol intake with risk of cardiovascular disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e223849.
52. Millwood IY, Walters RG, Mei XW, et al. Conventional and genetic evidence on alcohol and vascular disease aetiology: a prospective study of 500,000 men and women in China. Lancet. 2019;393:1831-42.
53. Zhao J, Stockwell T, Naimi T, Churchill S, Clay J, Sherk A. Association Between Daily Alcohol Intake and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6:e236185.
54. Leong DP, Smyth A, Teo KK, et al. Patterns of alcohol consumption and myocardial infarction risk: observations from 52 countries in the INTERHEART case-control study. Circulation. 2014;130:390-8.
55. Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, et al. 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS guideline for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2024;149:e1-e156.
56. Wood AM, Kaptoge S, Butterworth AS, et al. Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies. Lancet. 2018;391:1513-23.
57. Voskoboinik A, Kalman JM, De Silva A, et al. Alcohol abstinence in drinkers with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:20-8.
58. Marcus GM, Modrow MF, Schmid CH, et al. Individualized studies of triggers of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: the I-STOP-AFib randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2022;7:167-74.
59. Vrints C, Andreotti F, Koskinas KC, et al. 2024 ESC guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2024;45:3415-537.
60. Pinho-Gomes AC, Azevedo L, Ahn JM, et al. Compliance with guideline-directed medical therapy in contemporary coronary revascularization trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:591-602.
61. Geng Y, Guan C, Jiang Y, et al. Prognostic impact of guideline-directed medical therapy after functionally complete revascularisation in patients with obstructive coronary artery diseases. Heart. 2026;112:270-7.
62. Castiello DS, Calvelli P, Anniballo A, Romano LR, Polimeni A, Curcio A. The prognostic impact of beta blockers in ischemic heart failure: time for a paradigm shift? Heart Fail Rev. 2026:31.
63. Corones-Watkins K, Cooke M, Theobald K, et al. Effectiveness of nurse-led clinics in the early discharge period after percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review. Aust Crit Care. 2021;34:510-7.
64. St-Onge MP, Aggarwal B, Fernandez-Mendoza J, et al. Multidimensional sleep health: definitions and implications for cardiometabolic health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2025;18:e000139.
66. Wang X, Fan JY, Zhang Y, Nie SP, Wei YX. Association of obstructive sleep apnea with cardiovascular outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2018;97:e0621.
67. Song X, Song J, Shao M, et al. Depression predicts the risk of adverse events after percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2020;266:158-64.
68. Kim JM, Stewart R, Lee YS, et al. Effect of escitalopram vs placebo treatment for depression on long-term cardiac outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;320:350-8.
69. Hosseini K, Khalaji A, Behnoush AH, et al. The association between metabolic syndrome and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Sci Rep. 2024;14:697.
70. Ndrepepa G, Kastrati A. Obesity paradox after percutaneous coronary intervention- closing in on the truth behind the phenomenon. EuroIntervention. 2020;15:1120-2.
71. Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023;389:2221-32.
72. McAllister J, Harrison A, Doherty P, Singh SJ, Lawson CA. Health Inequalities in cardiac rehabilitation: a national cohort study in England. Eur J Prev Cardiol. ;2026:zwag092.
73. Taylor RS, Fredericks S, Jones I, et al. Global perspectives on heart disease rehabilitation and secondary prevention: a scientific statement from the Association of Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professions, European Association of Preventive Cardiology, and International Council of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:2515-25.
74. Bazoukis G, Loscalzo J, Hall JL, Bollepalli SC, Singh JP, Armoundas AA. Impact of social determinants of health on cardiovascular disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025;14:e039031.
75. Zhang Y, Zhai Y, Niu B, et al. Association between depression and clinical outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis. Psychopathology. 2022;55:251-7.
76. Turk-Adawi K, Supervia M, Lopez-Jimenez F, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation availability and density around the globe. EClinicalMedicine. 2019;13:31-45.
77. Tang N, Li KM, Li HR, Zhang QD, Hao J, Qi CM. Advances in the diagnosis and management of post-percutaneous coronary intervention coronary microvascular dysfunction: insights into pathophysiology and metabolic risk interactions. World J Cardiol. 2025;17:103950.
78. Forzano I, Florimonte D, Narciso V, et al. Optimal medical therapy targeting lipids and inflammation for secondary prevention in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. J Clin Med. 2025;14:8334.
79. Rao SV, O’Donoghue ML, Ruel M, et al. 2025 ACC/AHA/ACEP/NAEMSP/SCAI guideline for the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2025;151:e771-862.
80. Kronenberg F, Mora S, Stroes ESG, et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:3925-46.
81. Frangogiannis NG. The inflammatory response in myocardial injury, repair, and remodelling. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2014;11:255-65.
82. Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, et al. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1713-22.
83. Tardif JC, Kouz S, Waters DD, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-dose colchicine after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:2497-505.
84. Nidorf SM, Fiolet ATL, Mosterd A, et al. Colchicine in patients with chronic coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:1838-47.
85. Castiello DS, Oliva A, Andò G, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in complex percutaneous coronary intervention. EuroIntervention. 2025;21:e1051-68.
86. Katz ME, Mszar R, Grimshaw AA, et al. Digital health interventions for hypertension management in US populations experiencing health disparities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e2356070.
87. Wennberg E, Abualsaud AO, Eisenberg MJ. Patient management following percutaneous coronary intervention. JACC Adv. 2025;4:101453.





