fig4

Figure 4. Application of artificial intelligence for vulnerable plaque detection across various imaging modalities. (A) Illustration of a standard processing pipeline encompassing automated segmentation of the carotid lumen, followed by automated plaque detection, segmentation and characterization. (B) The architecture of CarotidNet^[54], a deep learning model built upon the renowned U-Net framework. The CarotidNet integrates a contraction path and an expansion path connected by skip connections, serving the purpose of automating the segmentation of the carotid artery lumen.