REFERENCES
1. Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, et al. 2012 revised international Chapel Hill consensus conference nomenclature of vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65:1-11.
2. Martins-Martinho J, Dourado E, Khmelinskii N, Espinosa P, Ponte C. Localized forms of vasculitis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2021;23:49.
3. Hernández-Rodríguez J, Molloy ES, Hoffman GS. Single-organ vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008;20:40-6.
4. Hernández-Rodríguez J, Hoffman GS. Updating single-organ vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2012;24:38-45.
5. Salvarani C, Calamia KT, Crowson CS, et al. Localized vasculitis of the gastrointestinal tract: a case series. Rheumatology 2010;49:1326-35.
6. Burke AP, Sobin LH, Virmani R. Localized vasculitis of the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Surg Pathol 1995;19:338-49.
7. Hernández-Rodríguez J, Tan CD, Rodríguez ER, Hoffman GS. Single-organ gallbladder vasculitis: characterization and distinction from systemic vasculitis involving the gallbladder. An analysis of 61 patients. Medicine 2014;93:405-13.
8. Gayraud M, Guillevin L, Le Toumelin P, et al. the French Vasculitis Study Group. Long-term followup of polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome: analysis of four prospective trials including 278 patients. Arthritis Rheumatism 2001;44:666-75.
9. Hilhorst M, van Paassen P, Tervaert JW. Limburg Renal Registry. Proteinase 3-ANCA vasculitis versus myeloperoxidase-ANCA vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015;26:2314-27.
10. Watts RA, Mahr A, Mohammad AJ, Gatenby P, Basu N, Flores-Suárez LF. Classification, epidemiology and clinical subgrouping of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015;30 Suppl 1:i14-22.
11. Unizony S, Villarreal M, Miloslavsky EM, et al. RAVE-ITN Research Group. Clinical outcomes of treatment of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis based on ANCA type. Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75:1166-9.
12. Cabral DA, Canter DL, Muscal E, et al. ARChiVe Investigators Network within the PedVas Initiative. Comparing presenting clinical features in 48 children with microscopic polyangiitis to 183 children who have granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s): an ARChiVe cohort study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016;68:2514-26.
13. Jóźwiak L, Ławnicka I, Książek A. Coexistence of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and Crohn’s disease or multiorgan manifestation of the same disease? Reumatologia 2016;54:86-90.
14. Jayne DRW, Merkel PA, Schall TJ, Bekker P. ADVOCATE Study Group. Avacopan for the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2021;384:599-609.
15. Walsh M, Merkel PA, Peh CA, et al. PEXIVAS Investigators. Plasma exchange and glucocorticoids in severe ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2020;382:622-31.
16. Karadag O, Jayne DJ. Polyarteritis nodosa revisited: a review of historical approaches, subphenotypes and a research agenda. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2018;36 Suppl 111:135-42.
17. Lightfoot RW Jr, Michel BA, Bloch DA, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33:1088-93.
18. Guillevin L, Lhote F, Cohen P, et al. Polyarteritis nodosa related to hepatitis B virus. A prospective study with long-term observation of 41 patients. Medicine 1995;74:238-53.
19. Stanson AW, Friese JL, Johnson CM, et al. Polyarteritis nodosa: spectrum of angiographic findings. Radiographics 2001;21:151-9.
21. Levine SM, Hellmann DB, Stone JH. Gastrointestinal involvement in polyarteritis nodosa (1986-2000): presentation and outcomes in 24 patients. Am J Med 2002;112:386-91.
22. Fortin PR, Larson MG, Watters AK, Yeadon CA, Choquette D, Esdaile JM. Prognostic factors in systemic necrotizing vasculitis of the polyarteritis nodosa group - a review of 45 cases. J Rheumatol 1995;22:78-84.
23. Pagnoux C, Seror R, Henegar C, et al. French Vasculitis Study Group. Clinical features and outcomes in 348 patients with polyarteritis nodosa: a systematic retrospective study of patients diagnosed between 1963 and 2005 and entered into the French vasculitis study group database. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:616-26.
24. Pagnoux C, Mahr A, Cohen P, Guillevin L. Presentation and outcome of gastrointestinal involvement in systemic necrotizing vasculitides: analysis of 62 patients with polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, Wegener granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, or rheumatoid arthritis-associated vasculitis. Medicine 2005;84:115-28.
25. Becker A, Mader R, Elias M, Lev A, Sayfan J. Duodenal necrosis as the presenting manifestation of polyarteritis nodosa. Clin Rheumatol 2002;21:314-6.
26. Carpi JM, Castejón E, Masiques L, Vilar P, Antón J, Varea V. Gastrointestinal involvement in pediatric polyarteritis nodosa. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;44:274-8.
27. Kariv R, Sidi Y, Gur H. Systemic vasculitis presenting as a tumorlike lesion. Four case reports and an analysis of 79 reported cases. Medicine 2000;79:349-59.
28. NUZUM JW Jr. Polyarteritis nodosa; statistical review of one hundred seventy-five cases from the literature and report of a typical case. AMA Arch Intern Med 1954;94:942-55.
29. Thorne JC, Bookman AA, Stevens H. A case of polyarteritis presenting as abrupt onset of pancreatic insufficiency. J Rheumatol 1980;7:583-6.
30. Iuliano L, Gurgo A, Gualdi G, Bonavita MS. Succeeding onset of hepatic, splenic, and renal infarction in polyarteritis nodosa. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1837-8.
31. Empen K, Jung MC, Engelhardt D, Sackmann M. Successful treatment of acute liver failure due to polyarteritis nodosa. Am J Med 2002;113:349-51.
32. Goritsas CP, Repanti M, Papadaki E, Lazarou N, Andonopoulos AP. Intrahepatic bile duct injury and nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver in a patient with polyarteritis nodosa. J Hepatol 1997;26:727-30.
33. Fernandes SR, Samara AM, Magalhães EP, Sachetto Z, Metze K. Acute cholecystitis at initial presentation of polyarteritis nodosa. Clin Rheumatol 2005;24:625-7.
34. Frohnert PP, Sheps SG. Long-term follow-up study of periarteritis nodosa. Am J Med 1967;43:8-14.
35. Guillevin L, Le Thi Huong Du, Godeau P, Jais P, Wechsler B. Clinical findings and prognosis of polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss angiitis: a study in 165 patients. Br J Rheumatol 1988;27:258-64.
36. Guillevin L, Cohen P, Mahr A, et al. Treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and microscopic polyangiitis with poor prognosis factors: a prospective trial comparing glucocorticoids and six or twelve cyclophosphamide pulses in sixty-five patients. Arthritis Rheum 2003;49:93-100.
37. Zhou Q, Yang D, Ombrello AK, et al. Early-onset stroke and vasculopathy associated with mutations in ADA2. N Engl J Med 2014;370:911-20.
38. Navon Elkan P, Pierce SB, Segel R, et al. Mutant adenosine deaminase 2 in a polyarteritis nodosa vasculopathy. N Engl J Med 2014;370:921-31.
39. Jee H, Huang Z, Baxter S, et al. Comprehensive analysis of ADA2 genetic variants and estimation of carrier frequency driven by a function-based approach. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022;149:379-87.
40. Huang Z, Li T, Nigrovic PA, Lee PY. Polyarteritis nodosa and deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2 - Shared genealogy, generations apart. Clin Immunol 2020;215:108411.
41. Lee PY, Kellner ES, Huang Y, et al. Genotype and functional correlates of disease phenotype in deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2 (DADA2). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020;145:1664-72.e10.
42. Lee PY. Vasculopathy, immunodeficiency, and bone marrow failure: the intriguing syndrome caused by deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2. Front Pediatr 2018;6:282.
43. Meyts I, Aksentijevich I. Deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2 (DADA2): updates on the phenotype, genetics, pathogenesis, and treatment. J Clin Immunol 2018;38:569-78.
44. Caorsi R, Penco F, Grossi A, et al. ADA2 deficiency (DADA2) as an unrecognised cause of early onset polyarteritis nodosa and stroke: a multicentre national study. Ann Rheum Dis 2017;76:1648-56.
45. Ombrello AK, Qin J, Hoffmann PM, et al. Treatment strategies for deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2. N Engl J Med 2019;380:1582-4.
46. Liang P, Hoffman GS. Advances in the medical and surgical treatment of Takayasu arteritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005;17:16-24.
48. Numano F. Vasa vasoritis, vasculitis and atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol 2000;75 Suppl 1:S1-8; discussion S17.
49. Moriwaki R, Numano F. Takayasu arteritis: follow-up studies for 20 years. Heart Vessels Suppl 1992;7:138-45.
50. Goel R, Gribbons KB, Carette S, et al. Derivation of an angiographically based classification system in Takayasu’s arteritis: an observational study from India and North America. Rheumatology 2020;59:1118-27.
51. Schmidt J, Kermani TA, Bacani AK, et al. Diagnostic features, treatment, and outcomes of Takayasu arteritis in a US cohort of 126 patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2013;88:822-30.
52. Terao C, Matsumura T, Yoshifuji H, et al. Takayasu arteritis and ulcerative colitis: high rate of co-occurrence and genetic overlap. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015;67:2226-32.
53. Sy A, Khalidi N, Dehghan N, et al. Vasculitis Clinical Research Consortium (VCRC); Canadian Vasculitis Network (CanVasc). Vasculitis in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a study of 32 patients and systematic review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2016;45:475-82.
54. Laurent C, Ricard L, Fain O, et al. PET/MRI in large-vessel vasculitis: clinical value for diagnosis and assessment of disease activity. Sci Rep 2019;9:12388.
55. Jia S, Liu L, Ma J, Chen X. Application progress of multiple imaging modalities in Takayasu arteritis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021;37:3591-601.
56. Saadoun D, Lambert M, Mirault T, et al. Retrospective analysis of surgery versus endovascular intervention in Takayasu arteritis: a multicenter experience. Circulation 2012;125:813-9.
57. Alibaz-Oner F, Kaymaz-Tahra S, Bayındır Ö, et al. Biologic treatments in Takayasu’s arteritis: a comparative study of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and tocilizumab. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2021;51:1224-9.
58. Mason JC. Takayasu arteritis - advances in diagnosis and management. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010;6:406-15.
59. Buttgereit F, Dejaco C, Matteson EL, Dasgupta B. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a systematic review. JAMA 2016;315:2442-58.
61. Evans JM, O’Fallon WM, Hunder GG. Increased incidence of aortic aneurysm and dissection in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. A population-based study. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:502-7.
62. Bienvenu B, Ly KH, Lambert M, et al. Groupe d’Étude Français des Artérites des gros Vaisseaux; under the Aegis of the Filière des Maladies Auto-Immunes et Auto-Inflammatoires Rares. Management of giant cell arteritis: recommendations of the French study group for large vessel vasculitis (GEFA). Rev Med Interne 2016;37:154-65.
63. Sangha S, Lenert A, Dawoud S, et al. Atypical large vessel vasculitis presenting with cholestatic liver abnormalities: case-based review. J Clin Rheumatol 2021;27:e561-7.
64. Scola CJ, Li C, Upchurch KS. Mesenteric involvement in giant cell arteritis. An underrecognized complication? Medicine 2008;87:45-51.
65. Lee S, Childerhouse A, Moss K. Gastrointestinal symptoms and granulomatous vasculitis involving the liver in giant cell arteritis: a case report and review of the literature. Rheumatology 2011;50:2316-7.
66. Heneghan MA, Feeley KM, DeFaoite N, Little MP, O’Gorman TA. Granulomatous liver disease and giant-cell arteritis. Dig Dis Sci 1998;43:2164-7.
67. Stone JH, Tuckwell K, Dimonaco S, et al. Trial of tocilizumab in giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med 2017;377:317-28.
68. Piram M, Mahr A. Epidemiology of immunoglobulin A vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein): current state of knowledge. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2013;25:171-8.
69. Audemard-Verger A, Pillebout E, Baldolli A, et al. Impact of aging on phenotype and prognosis in IgA vasculitis. Rheumatology 2021;60:4245-51.
70. Ebert EC. Gastrointestinal manifestations of Henoch-Schonlein Purpura. Dig Dis Sci 2008;53:2011-9.
71. Gendreau S, Porcher R, Thoreau B, et al. French Vasculitis Study Group. Characteristics and risk factors for poor outcome in patients with systemic vasculitis involving the gastrointestinal tract. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2021;51:436-41.
72. Nossent J, Raymond W, Isobel Keen H, Preen D, Inderjeeth C. Morbidity and mortality in adult-onset IgA vasculitis: a long-term population-based cohort study. Rheumatology 2021;61:291-8.
73. Bailey M, Chapin W, Licht H, Reynolds JC. The effects of vasculitis on the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1998;27:747-82.
74. Audemard-Verger A, Pillebout E, Guillevin L, Thervet E, Terrier B. IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Shönlein purpura) in adults: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Autoimmun Rev 2015;14:579-85.
76. Pillebout E, Rocha F, Fardet L, Rybojad M, Verine J, Glotz D. Successful outcome using rituximab as the only immunomodulation in Henoch-Schonlein purpura: case report. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;26:2044-6.
77. Chou T, Louissant VR, Adams A, et al. Successful treatment of Henoch-Schönlein purpura with recurrent gastrointestinal involvement with mycophenolate mofetil: a brief report. Clin Pediatr 2015;54:900-3.
79. Brouet JC, Clauvel JP, Danon F, Klein M, Seligmann M. Biologic and clinical significance of cryoglobulins. A report of 86 cases. Am J Med 1974;57:775-88.
80. Agnello V, Chung RT, Kaplan LM. A role for hepatitis C virus infection in type II cryoglobulinemia. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1490-5.
81. Retamozo S, Díaz-Lagares C, Bosch X, et al. Life-threatening cryoglobulinemic patients with hepatitis C: clinical description and outcome of 279 patients. Medicine 2013;92:273-84.
82. Dammacco F, Racanelli V, Russi S, Sansonno D. The expanding spectrum of HCV-related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: a narrative review. Clin Exp Med 2016;16:233-42.
83. Ferri C, Sebastiani M, Giuggioli D, et al. Mixed cryoglobulinemia: demographic, clinical, and serologic features and survival in 231 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2004;33:355-74.
84. De Vita S, Soldano F, Isola M, et al. Preliminary classification criteria for the cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:1183-90.
85. Mukhtyar C, Guillevin L, Cid MC, et al. European Vasculitis Study Group. EULAR recommendations for the management of primary small and medium vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:310-7.
86. Saadoun D, Resche Rigon M, Sene D, et al. Rituximab plus Peg-interferon-alpha/ribavirin compared with Peg-interferon-alpha/ribavirin in hepatitis C-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 2010;116:326-34.
87. Oykhman P, Hamilton MA, Aaron SL. Multiorgan failure from cryoglobulinemic vasculitis following intravenous immunoglobulin replacement therapy. J Clin Rheumatol 2016;22:441-3.
88. Chen J, Yao X. A contemporary review of Behcet’s syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021;61:363-76.
89. Meo N, Bergamo S, Vidimari P, Bonin S, Trevisan G. Analysis of diagnostic criteria in adamantiades-behçet disease: a retrospective study. Indian J Dermatol 2013;58:275-7.
91. Lee SK, Kim BK, Kim TI, Kim WH. Differential diagnosis of intestinal Behçet’s disease and Crohn’s disease by colonoscopic findings. Endoscopy 2009;41:9-16.
92. Lee CR, Kim WH, Cho YS, et al. Colonoscopic findings in intestinal Behçet’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2001;7:243-9.
93. Grigg EL, Kane S, Katz S. Mimicry and deception in inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal behçet disease. Gastroen Hepatol 2012;8:103-12.
94. Yanai S, Matsumoto T. Biologic drugs for inflammatory bowel disease. Nihon Rinsho 2017;75:403-7.
95. Jung YS, Yoon JY, Lee JH, et al. Prognostic factors and long-term clinical outcomes for surgical patients with intestinal Behcet’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;17:1594-602.
96. Hatemi G, Silman A, Bang D, et al. EULAR Expert Committee. EULAR recommendations for the management of Behçet disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:1656-62.
97. Green R, Gu X, Kline-Rogers E, et al. Differences between the pediatric and adult presentation of fibromuscular dysplasia: results from the US registry. Pediatr Nephrol 2016;31:641-50.
98. Gornik HL, Persu A, Adlam D, et al. First International Consensus on the diagnosis and management of fibromuscular dysplasia. Vasc Med 2019;24:164-89.
101. Hendricks NJ, Matsumoto AH, Angle JF, et al. Is fibromuscular dysplasia underdiagnosed? Vasc Med 2014;19:363-7.
102. Nguyen N, Sharma A, West JK, et al. Presentation, clinical features, and results of intervention in upper extremity fibromuscular dysplasia. J Vasc Surg 2017;66:554-63.
103. Olin JW, Gornik HL, Bacharach JM, et al. Fibromuscular dysplasia: state of the science and critical unanswered questions: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 2014;129:1048-78.
104. Stanley JC, Gewertz BL, Bove EL, Sottiurai V, Fry WJ. Arterial fibrodysplasia. Histopathologic character and current etiologic concepts. Arch Surg 1975;110:561-6.
105. Guill CK, Benavides DC, Rees C, Fenves AZ, Burton EC. Fatal mesenteric fibromuscular dysplasia: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1148-53.
106. Kadian-Dodov D, Goldfinger JZ, Gustavson S, Olin JW. Natural history of cervical artery fibromuscular dysplasia and associated neurovascular events. Cerebrovasc Dis 2018;46:33-9.
107. Heo S, Kim HJ, Kim B, Lee JH, Kim J, Kim JK. Clinical impact of collateral circulation in patients with median arcuate ligament syndrome. Diagn Interv Radiol 2018;24:181-6.
108. Cienfuegos JA, Estevez MG, Ruiz-Canela M, et al. Laparoscopic treatment of median arcuate ligament syndrome: analysis of long-term outcomes and predictive factors. J Gastrointest Surg 2018;22:713-21.
109. Beridze N, Frishman WH. Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prevention and treatment of its complications. Cardiol Rev 2012;20:4-7.
110. Pepin M, Schwarze U, Superti-Furga A, Byers PH. Clinical and genetic features of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV, the vascular type. N Engl J Med 2000;342:673-80.
111. Masri H, Loong TH, Meurette G, Podevin J, Zinzindohoue F, Lehur PA. Bowel perforation in type IV vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. A systematic review. Tech Coloproctol 2018;22:333-41.
112. Driscoll SH, Gomes AS, Machleder HI. Perforation of the superior vena cava: a complication of digital angiography in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1984;142:1021-2.
