REFERENCES
1. Malakar AK, Choudhury D, Halder B, Paul P, Uddin A, Chakraborty S. A review on coronary artery disease, its risk factors, and therapeutics. J Cell Physiol 2019;234:16812-23.
2. Bollano E, Redfors B, Rawshani A, et al. Temporal trends in characteristics and outcome of heart failure patients with and without significant coronary artery disease. ESC Heart Fail 2022;9:1812-22.
3. Bakaeen FG, Gaudino M, Whitman G, et al. 2021: The American Association for thoracic surgery expert consensus document: coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021;162:829-50.e1.
4. Murphy SP, Ibrahim NE, Januzzi JL Jr. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a review. JAMA 2020;324:488-504.
5. Heidenreich PA, Albert NM, Allen LA, et al. Forecasting the impact of heart failure in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Heart Fail 2013;6:606-19.
6. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2013;128:e240-327.
7. Maggioni AP, Dahlström U, Filippatos G, et al. EURObservational research programme: regional differences and 1-year follow-up results of the heart failure pilot survey (ESC-HF pilot). Eur J Heart Fail 2013;15:808-17.
8. Fox KF, Cowie MR, Wood DA, et al. Coronary artery disease as the cause of incident heart failure in the population. Eur Heart J 2001;22:228-36.
9. Del Buono MG, Moroni F, Montone RA, Azzalini L, Sanna T, Abbate A. Ischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure after acute myocardial infarction. Curr Cardiol Rep 2022;24:1505-15.
10. Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2022 update: a report from the american heart association. Circulation 2022;145:e153-639.
11. Lewsey SC, Breathett K. Racial and ethnic disparities in heart failure: current state and future directions. Curr Opin Cardiol 2021;36:320-8.
12. Cascino TM, Colvin MM, Lanfear DE, et al. Racial inequities in access to ventricular assist device and transplant persist after consideration for preferences for care: a report from the REVIVAL study. Circ Heart Fail 2023;16:e009745.
13. Lam CSP, Arnott C, Beale AL, et al. Sex differences in heart failure. Eur Heart J 2019;40:3859-68c.
14. Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Deja MA, et al. Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1607-16.
15. Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Jones RH, et al. Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2016;374:1511-20.
16. Carson P, Wertheimer J, Miller A, et al. The STICH trial (surgical treatment for ischemic heart failure): mode-of-death results. JACC Heart Fail 2013;1:400-8.
17. Kim HM, Hwang IC, Choi W, Yoon YE, Cho GY. Combined effects of ARNI and SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetic patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Sci Rep 2021;11:22342.
18. Lim AH, Abdul Rahim N, Zhao J, Cheung SYA, Lin YW. Cost effectiveness analyses of pharmacological treatments in heart failure. Front Pharmacol 2022;13:919974.
19. Völz S, Redfors B, Angerås O, et al. Long-term mortality in patients with ischaemic heart failure revascularized with coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry (SCAAR). Eur Heart J 2021;42:2657-64.
20. Sun LY, Gaudino M, Chen RJ, Bader Eddeen A, Ruel M. Long-term outcomes in patients with severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention vs coronary artery bypass grafting. JAMA Cardiol 2020;5:631-41.
21. Bangalore S, Guo Y, Samadashvili Z, Blecker S, Hannan EL. Revascularization in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction: everolimus-eluting stents versus coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation 2016;133:2132-40.
22. Wolff G, Dimitroulis D, Andreotti F, et al. Survival benefits of invasive versus conservative strategies in heart failure in patients with reduced ejection fraction and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Circ Heart Fail 2017;10:e003255.
23. Neumann A, Serna-Higuita L, Detzel H, et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting for patients with severely reduced ventricular function-A justified strategy? J Card Surg 2022;37:7-17.
24. Serruys PW, Kogame N, Katagiri Y, et al. Clinical outcomes of state-of-the-art percutaneous coronary revascularisation in patients with three-vessel disease: two-year follow-up of the SYNTAX II study. EuroIntervention 2019;15:e244-52.
25. Perera D, Clayton T, O'Kane PD, et al. Percutaneous revascularization for ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2022;387:1351-60.
26. Virani SS, Newby LK, Arnold SV, et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline for the management of patients with chronic coronary disease: a report of the american heart association/American college of cardiology joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023;82:833-955.
27. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022;79:e263-421.
28. Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, et al. 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI guideline for coronary artery revascularization: executive summary: a report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation 2022;145:e4-17.
29. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European society of cardiology (ESC) with the special contribution of the heart failure association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2021;42:3599-726.
30. McDonald M, Virani S, Chan M, et al. CCS/CHFS heart failure guidelines update: defining a new pharmacologic standard of care for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Can J Cardiol 2021;37:531-46.
31. Neumann FJ, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A, et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization. EuroIntervention 2019;14:1435-534.
32. Ezekowitz JA, O'Meara E, McDonald MA, et al. 2017 comprehensive update of the canadian cardiovascular society guidelines for the management of heart failure. Can J Cardiol 2017;33:1342-433.
33. Vervoort D, Jolicoeur ME, Marquis-Gravel G, Fremes SE. Is the world ready for the STICH 3.0 trial? Curr Opin Cardiol 2022;37:474-80.
34. Parikh PB, Bhatt DL, Bhasin V, et al. Impact of percutaneous coronary intervention on outcomes in patients with heart failure: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021;77:2432-47.
35. Fearon WF, Zimmermann FM, De Bruyne B, et al. Fractional flow reserve-guided PCI as compared with coronary bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 2022;386:128-37.
36. Fremes SE, Marquis-Gravel G, Gaudino MFL, et al. STICH3C: rationale and study protocol. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2023;16:e012527.
37. Patient-Centered outcomes research institute award will fund RECHARGE trials of PCI versus CABG in women and minority groups. 2023. Available from: https://citoday.com/news/patient-centered-outcomes-research-institute-award-will-fund-recharge-trials-of-pci-versus-cabg-in-women-and-minority-groups [Last accessed on 24 Nov 2023].
38. He J, Morales DR, Guthrie B. Exclusion rates in randomized controlled trials of treatments for physical conditions: a systematic review. Trials 2020;21:228.
39. Tan YY, Papez V, Chang WH, Mueller SH, Denaxas S, Lai AG. Comparing clinical trial population representativeness to real-world populations: an external validity analysis encompassing 43895 trials and 5685738 individuals across 989 unique drugs and 286 conditions in England. Lancet Healthy Longev 2022;3:e674-89.
40. Veronese ET, Pomerantzeff PMA, Jatene FB. Improving the heart team: an interdisciplinary team and integrated practice unit. World J Cardiol 2021;13:650-3.
41. Ryan M, Morgan H, Chiribiri A, Nagel E, Cleland J, Perera D. Myocardial viability testing: all STICHed up, or about to be REVIVED? Eur Heart J 2022;43:118-26.
42. Garcia MJ, Kwong RY, Scherrer-Crosbie M, et al. State of the art: imaging for myocardial viability: a scientific statement from the american heart association. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2020;13:e000053.
43. Hwang HY, Yeom SY, Park EA, Lee W, Jang MJ, Kim KB. Serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging after surgical coronary revascularization for left ventricular dysfunction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020;159:1798-805.
44. Panza JA, Ellis AM, Al-Khalidi HR, et al. Myocardial viability and long-term outcomes in ischemic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2019;381:739-48.
45. Dastidar AG, Baritussio A, De Garate E, et al. Prognostic role of CMR and conventional risk factors in myocardial infarction with nonobstructed coronary arteries. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2019;12:1973-82.
46. Mieres JH, Gulati M, Bairey Merz N, et al. Role of noninvasive testing in the clinical evaluation of women with suspected ischemic heart disease: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2014;130:350-79.
47. He GW, Taggart DP. Spasm in arterial grafts in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2016;101:1222-9.
48. Silva M, Rong LQ, Naik A, et al. Intraoperative graft flow profiles in coronary artery bypass surgery: a meta-analysis. J Card Surg 2020;35:279-85.
49. Chikwe J, Sun E, Hannan EL, et al. Outcomes of second arterial conduits in patients undergoing multivessel coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;74:2238-48.
50. Mohammadi S, Kalavrouziotis D, Cresce G, et al. Bilateral internal thoracic artery use in patients with low ejection fraction: is there any additional long-term benefit? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014;46:425-31.
51. Jawitz OK, Lawton JS, Thibault D, et al. Sex differences in coronary artery bypass grafting techniques: a society of thoracic surgeons database analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 2022;113:1979-88.
52. Jabagi H, Tran DT, Hessian R, Glineur D, Rubens FD. Impact of gender on arterial revascularization strategies for coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 2018;105:62-8.
53. Nussbaum S, Henry S, Yong CM, Daugherty SL, Mehran R, Poppas A. Sex-specific considerations in the presentation, diagnosis, and management of ischemic heart disease: JACC focus seminar 2/7. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022;79:1398-406.
54. Blankstein R, Ward RP, Arnsdorf M, Jones B, Lou YB, Pine M. Female gender is an independent predictor of operative mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: contemporary analysis of 31 Midwestern hospitals. Circulation 2005;112:I323-7.
55. Bryce Robinson N, Naik A, Rahouma M, et al. Sex differences in outcomes following coronary artery bypass grafting: a meta-analysis. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2021;33:841-7.
56. Gaudino M, Samadashvili Z, Hameed I, Chikwe J, Girardi LN, Hannan EL. Differences in long-term outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting using single vs multiple arterial grafts and the association with sex. JAMA Cardiol 2020;6:401-9.
57. Comparison of the Outcomes of single vs multiple arterial grafts in women (ROMA:Women). Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04124120 [Last accessed on 24 Nov 2023].
58. Puskas JD, Kilgo PD, Kutner M, Pusca SV, Lattouf O, Guyton RA. Off-pump techniques disproportionately benefit women and narrow the gender disparity in outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation 2007;116:I192-9.
59. Ueki C, Miyata H, Motomura N, Sakaguchi G, Akimoto T, Takamoto S. Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016;151:1092-8.
60. Seese L, Sultan I, Wang Y, Navid F, Kilic A. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery lacks a longitudinal survival advantage in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. J Cardiac Surg 2020;35:1793-801.
61. Chan KM, Punjabi PP, Flather M, et al. Coronary artery bypass surgery with or without mitral valve annuloplasty in moderate functional ischemic mitral regurgitation: final results of the Randomized Ischemic Mitral Evaluation (RIME) trial. Circulation 2012;126:2502-10.
62. Fattouch K, Guccione F, Sampognaro R, et al. POINT: efficacy of adding mitral valve restrictive annuloplasty to coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with moderate ischemic mitral valve regurgitation: a randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009;138:278-85.
63. Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: executive summary: a report of the american college of cardiology/American heart association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation 2021;143:e35-71.
64. Badhwar V, Rankin JS, Damiano RJ Jr, et al. The society of thoracic surgeons 2017 clinical practice guidelines for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. Ann Thorac Surg 2017;103:329-41.
65. Johnston A, Mesana TG, Lee DS, Eddeen AB, Sun LY. Sex differences in long-term survival after major cardiac surgery: a population-based cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc 2019;8:e013260.
66. Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline on the evaluation and management of patients with bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay: executive summary: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines, and the heart rhythm society. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;74:932-87.
67. Sticherling C, Arendacka B, Svendsen JH, et al. Sex differences in outcomes of primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy: combined registry data from eleven European countries. Europace 2018;20:963-70.
68. Mitchell JE, Hellkamp AS, Mark DB, et al. Outcome in African Americans and other minorities in the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT). Am Heart J 2008;155:501-6.
69. Kiernan K, Dodge SE, Kwaku KF, Jackson LR 2nd, Zeitler EP. Racial and ethnic differences in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patient selection, management, and outcomes. Heart Rhythm O2 2022;3:807-16.
70. Liu T, Zuo R, Wang J, et al. Cardiovascular disease preventive effects of aspirin combined with different statins in the United States general population. Sci Rep 2023;13:4585.
71. Greene SJ, Khan MS. Quadruple medical therapy for heart failure: medications working together to provide the best care. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021;77:1408-11.
72. Wang N, Evans J, Sawant S, Sindone J, Lal S. Sex-specific differences in the efficacy of heart failure therapies: a meta-analysis of 84,818 patients. Heart Fail Rev 2023;28:949-59.
73. Mathews L, Ding N, Sang Y, et al. Racial differences in trends and prognosis of guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) surveillance study. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023;10:118-29.
74. Witting C, Zheng J, Tisdale RL, et al. Treatment differences in medical therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction between sociodemographic groups. JACC Heart Fail 2023;11:161-72.
75. Chandra R, Meier J, Khoury MK, et al. Homelessness and Race are Mortality Predictors in US Veterans Undergoing CABG. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022;9:S1043-0679(22)00230.
77. Torabi AJ, Mshelbwala FS, Hugenberg D, Kovacs RJ, Kreutz RP. Social deprivation index and ischemic events after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with diabetes mellitus. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2022;99:1015-21.
78. Hravnak M, Ibrahim S, Kaufer A, Sonel A, Conigliaro J. Racial disparities in outcomes following coronary artery bypass grafting. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2006;21:367-78.
79. Canto JG, Rogers WJ, Goldberg RJ, et al. Association of age and sex with myocardial infarction symptom presentation and in-hospital mortality. JAMA 2012;307:813-22.
80. Anand SS, Islam S, Rosengren A, et al. Risk factors for myocardial infarction in women and men: insights from the INTERHEART study. Eur Heart J 2008;29:932-40.
81. Worrall-Carter L, McEvedy S, Wilson A, Rahman MA. Gender differences in presentation, coronary intervention, and outcomes of 28,985 acute coronary syndrome patients in Victoria, Australia. Women's Health Issues 2016;26:14-20.
82. Cepas-Guillen PL, Echarte-Morales J, Flores-Umanzor E, et al. Sex-gender disparities in nonagenarians with acute coronary syndrome. Clin Cardiol 2021;44:371-8.
83. Koh Y, Stehli J, Martin C, et al. Does sex predict quality of life after acute coronary syndromes: an Australian, state-wide, multicentre prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2019;9:e034034.
84. Yu J, Baber U, Mastoris I, et al. Sex-based differences in cessation of dual-antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention with stents. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2016;9:1461-9.
85. Venetsanos D, Sederholm Lawesson S, Alfredsson J, et al. Association between gender and short-term outcome in patients with ST elevation myocardial infraction participating in the international, prospective, randomised Administration of Ticagrelor in the catheterisation Laboratory or in the Ambulance for New ST elevation myocardial Infarction to open the Coronary artery (ATLANTIC) trial: a prespecified analysis. BMJ Open 2017;7:e015241.
86. Ezekowitz JA, Savu A, Welsh RC, McAlister FA, Goodman SG, Kaul P. Is there a sex gap in surviving an acute coronary syndrome or subsequent development of heart failure? Circulation 2020;142:2231-9.
87. Lloyd-Jones DM, Larson MG, Leip EP, et al. Lifetime risk for developing congestive heart failure: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2002;106:3068-72.
88. Zou Y, Zhu W, Zeng J, Lin J, Dai S. Sex-differences in the management and clinical outcome among patients with acute coronary syndrome. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021;21:609.
89. Hao Y, Liu J, Liu J, et al. Sex differences in in-hospital management and outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Findings from the CCC project. Circulation 2019;139:1776-85.
90. Manfrini O, Yoon J, van der Schaar M, et al. Sex differences in modifiable risk factors and severity of coronary artery disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2020;9:e017235.
91. Gordon T, Kannel WB, Hjortland MC, McNamara PM. Menopause and coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 1978;89:157-61.
92. Jones DW, Chambless LE, Folsom AR, et al. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in African Americans: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study, 1987-1997. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:2565-71.
93. Anstey D, Li S, Thomas L, Wang TY, Wiviott SD. Race and sex differences in management and outcomes of patients after ST-elevation and Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarct: results from the NCDR. Clin Cardiol 2016;39:585-95.
94. Weight N, Moledina S, Sun L, et al. Ethnic disparities in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction outcomes and processes of care in patients with and without standard modifiable cardiovascular risk factors: a nationwide cohort study. Angiology 2023. Online ahead of print.
95. Cromwell J, McCall NT, Burton J, Urato C. Race/ethnic disparities in utilization of lifesaving technologies by medicare ischemic heart disease beneficiaries. Med Care 2005;43:330-7.
96. Gauri AJ, Davis A, Hong T, Burke MC, Knight BP. Disparities in the use of primary prevention and defibrillator therapy among blacks and women. Am J Med 2006;119:167.e17-21.
97. Ingelaere S, Hoffmann R, Guler I, et al. Inequality between women and men in ICD implantation. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 2022;41:101075.
98. Ilonze O, Free K, Breathett K. Unequitable heart failure therapy for black, hispanic and American-Indian patients. Card Fail Rev 2022;8:e25.
99. Greene SJ, Butler J, Albert NM, et al. Medical therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: The CHAMP-HF registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:351-66.
100. Ziaeian B, Kominski GF, Ong MK, Mays VM, Brook RH, Fonarow GC. National differences in trends for heart failure hospitalizations by sex and race/ethnicity. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2017;10:e003552.
101. Smilowitz NR, Maduro GA Jr, Lobach IV, Chen Y, Reynolds HR. Adverse trends in ischemic heart disease mortality among young New Yorkers, particularly young black women. PLoS One 2016;11:e0149015.
102. Angraal S, Khera R, Wang Y, et al. Sex and race differences in the utilization and outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting among medicare beneficiaries, 1999-2014. J Am Heart Assoc 2018;7:e009014.
103. Bhatia N, Vakil D, Zinonos S, et al. US initiative to eliminate racial and ethnic disparities in health: the impact on the outcomes of ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction in New Jersey. J Am Heart Assoc 2023;12:e026954.
104. Gaudino M, Di Franco A, Alexander JH, et al. Sex differences in outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting: a pooled analysis of individual patient data. Eur Heart J 2021;43:18-28.
105. Attia T, Koch CG, Houghtaling PL, Blackstone EH, Sabik EM, Sabik JF 3rd. Does a similar procedure result in similar survival for women and men undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017;153:571-9.e9.
106. Thandra A, Jhand A, Guddeti R, et al. Sex differences in clinical outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention of unprotected left main coronary artery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Revasc Med 2021;28:25-31.
107. Rangrass G, Ghaferi AA, Dimick JB. Explaining racial disparities in outcomes after cardiac surgery: the role of hospital quality. JAMA Surg 2014;149:223-7.
108. Enumah ZO, Canner JK, Alejo D, et al. Persistent racial and sex disparities in outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery: a retrospective clinical registry review in the drug-eluting stent era. Ann Surg 2020;272:660-7.
109. Benedetto U, Kamel MK, Khan FM, et al. Are racial differences in hospital mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery real? A risk-adjusted meta-analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019;157:2216-25.e4.
110. Becker ER, Rahimi A. Disparities in race/ethnicity and gender in in-hospital mortality rates for coronary artery bypass surgery patients. J Natl Med Assoc 2006;98:1729-39.
111. Spehar SM, Seth M, Henke P, et al. Race and outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from the blue cross blue shield of Michigan cardiovascular consortium. Am Heart J 2023;255:106-16.
112. Nallamothu BK, Saint S, Saha S, Fendrick AM, Kelley K, Ramsey SD. Coronary artery bypass grafting in Native Americans: a higher risk of death compared to other ethnic groups? J Gen Intern Med 2001;16:554-9.
113. Wiemers PD, Fraser JF, Marney L, Yadav S, Tam R. A review of coronary artery bypass grafting in the indigenous australian population. Heart Lung Circ 2019;28:530-8.
114. Li S, Fonarow GC, Mukamal K, et al. Sex and racial disparities in cardiac rehabilitation referral at hospital discharge and gaps in long-term mortality. J Am Heart Assoc 2018;7:e008088.
115. Kaufman JS, Dolman L, Rushani D, Cooper RS. The contribution of genomic research to explaining racial disparities in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Am J Epidemiol 2015;181:464-72.
116. Chakrabarti S, Morton JS, Davidge ST. Mechanisms of estrogen effects on the endothelium: an overview. Can J Cardiol 2014;30:705-12.
117. Haug EB, Horn J, Markovitz AR, et al. Association of conventional cardiovascular risk factors with cardiovascular disease after hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: analysis of the nord-trøndelag health study. JAMA Cardiol 2019;4:628-35.
118. Retnakaran R, Shah BR. Glucose screening in pregnancy and future risk of cardiovascular disease in women: a retrospective, population-based cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019;7:378-84.
119. Makaryus AN, Jauhar R, Tortez LM, Pekmezaris R. Comparison of the diameters of the major epicardial coronary arteries by angiogram in Asian-Indians versus European Americans <40 years of age undergoing percutaneous coronary artery intervention. Am J Cardiol 2017;120:924-6.
120. Kang J, Kim HS. The evolving concept of dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention: focus on unique feature of east Asian and “Asian Paradox”. Korean Circ J 2018;48:537-51.
121. Liakos M, Parikh PB. Gender disparities in presentation, management, and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction. Curr Cardiol Rep 2018;20:64.
122. Mosca L, Mochari-Greenberger H, Dolor RJ, Newby LK, Robb KJ. Twelve-year follow-up of American women’s awareness of cardiovascular disease risk and barriers to heart health. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2010;3:120-7.
123. Kaul P, Armstrong PW, Sookram S, Leung BK, Brass N, Welsh RC. Temporal trends in patient and treatment delay among men and women presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2011;161:91-7.
124. Crilly M, Bundred P, Hu X, Leckey L, Johnstone F. Gender differences in the clinical management of patients with angina pectoris: a cross-sectional survey in primary care. BMC Health Serv Res 2007;7:142.
125. Leifheit-Limson EC, D'Onofrio G, Daneshvar M, et al. Sex differences in cardiac risk factors, perceived risk, and health care provider discussion of risk and risk modification among young patients with acute myocardial infarction: the VIRGO study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;66:1949-57.
126. Foraker RE, Patel MD, Whitsel EA, Suchindran CM, Heiss G, Rose KM. Neighborhood socioeconomic disparities and 1-year case fatality after incident myocardial infarction: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) community surveillance (1992-2002). Am Heart J 2013;165:102-7.
127. Dimick J, Ruhter J, Sarrazin MV, Birkmeyer JD. Black patients more likely than whites to undergo surgery at low-quality hospitals in segregated regions. Health Aff 2013;32:1046-53.
128. Preventza O, Critsinelis A, Simpson K, et al. Sex, racial, and ethnic disparities in U.S. cardiovascular trials in more than 230,000 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2021;112:726-35.
129. Scott PE, Unger EF, Jenkins MR, et al. Participation of women in clinical trials supporting FDA approval of cardiovascular drugs. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;71:1960-9.
130. Kullo IJ, Bailey KR, Kardia SL, Mosley TH Jr, Boerwinkle E, Turner ST. Ethnic differences in peripheral arterial disease in the NHLBI genetic epidemiology network of arteriopathy (GENOA) study. Vasc Med 2003;8:237-42.
131. NOT-OD-18-014. Amendment: NIH policy and guidelines on the inclusion of women and minorities as subjects in clinical research. 2017. Available from: https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-18-014.html [Last accessed on 24 Nov 2023].
132. Hannan EL, Wu Y, Cozzens K, et al. The association of socioeconomic factors with outcomes for coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2022;114:1318-25.
133. Hannan EL, Wu Y, Cozzens K, et al. The association of socioeconomic factors with percutaneous coronary intervention outcomes. Can J Cardiol 2022;38:13-22.
134. Patrick WL, Bojko M, Han JJ, et al. Neighborhood socioeconomic status is associated with differences in operative management and long-term survival after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022;164:92-102.e8.
135. Vervoort D, Swain JD, Fiedler AG. A seat at the table: the cardiothoracic surgeon as surgeon-advocate. Ann Thorac Surg 2021;111:741-4.
136. Haynes N, Kaur A, Swain J, Joseph JJ, Brewer LC. Community-based participatory research to improve cardiovascular health among us racial and ethnic minority groups. Curr Epidemiol Rep 2022;9:212-21.