fig2

Figure 2. The model by which endothelial cells, astrocytes, or stromal cells lacking one of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) genes induce the activation of non-mutated endothelial cells and the consequent formation of vascular lesions. This figure was created using Servier Medical Art templates, which are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License; https://smart.servier.com. VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NO: nitric oxide; TSP1: thrombospondin-1.