REFERENCES
1. United-Nations.org [internet]. Background - International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples | United Nations. Available from: https://www.un.org/en/observances/Indigenous-day/background. [Last accessed on 6 Apr 2020].
2. World Health Organisation, 2020. Health Topics: Indigenous Populations. Available from: https://www.who.int/topics/health_services_indigenous/en/. [Last accessed on 6 Apr 2021].
3. Gracey M, King M. Indigenous health part 1: determinants and disease patterns. Lancet 2009;374:65-75.
4. Paradies Y. Colonisation, racism and Indigenous health. Journal of Population Research 2016;33:83-96.
5. Anand SS, Abonyi S, Arbour L, et al. Explaining the variability in cardiovascular risk factors among First Nations communities in Canada: a population-based study. Lancet Planet Health 2019;3:e511-e20.
6. King M, Smith A, Gracey M. Indigenous health part 2: the underlying causes of the health gap. Lancet 2009;374:76-85.
8. Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, et al. Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2014;383:245-54.
9. Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Barker-Collo SL, Parag V. Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol 2009;8:355-69.
10. Strong K, Mathers C, Bonita R. Preventing stroke: saving lives around the world. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:182-7.
11. Balabanski AH, Newbury J, Leyden JM, et al. Excess stroke incidence in young Aboriginal people in South Australia: 946 pooled results from two population-based studies. Int J Stroke 2018;13:811-14.
12. Anderson I, Robson B, Connolly M, et al. Indigenous and tribal peoples’ health (The Lancet-Lowitja Institute Global Collaboration): a population study. Lancet 2016;388:131-57.
14. Katzenellenbogen JM, Vos T, Somerford P, Begg S, Semmens JB, Codde JP. Burden of stroke in Indigenous Western Australians: a study using data linkage. Stroke 2011;42:1515-21.
15. Balabanski AH, Goldsmith K, Giarola B, et al. Stroke incidence and subtypes in Aboriginal people in remote Australia: a healthcare network population-based study. BMJ Open 2020;10:e03953.
16. You J, Condon JR, Zhao Y, Guthridge SL. Stroke incidence and case-fatality among Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations in the Northern Territory of Australia, 1999-2011. Int J Stroke 2015;10:716-22.
17. Feigin VL, Krishnamurthi RV, Barker-Collo S, et al. ARCOS IV Group. 30-year trends in stroke rates and outcome in Auckland, New Zealand (1981-2012): A Multi-Ethnic Population-Based Series of Studies. PLoS One 2015;10:e0134609.
18. Waloki M, Roseveare C, Tikolevu L, Ram S, Bissell K. Stroke rehabilitation in Fiji: are patients receiving services? Public Health Action 2014;4:150-4.
19. Zhao Y, Yao Z, D’Souza W, et al. An epidemiological survey of stroke in Lhasa, Tibet, China. Strok ;41:2739-43.
20. Zimhony N, Abu-Salameh I, Sagy I, et al. Increase in ischemic stroke incident hospitalizations among Bedouin Arabs during ramadan month. J Am Heart Assoc 2018;7:e008018.
21. Zhang MY, Galloway KJ, Welty OT, et al. Incidence and risk factors for stroke in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Circulation 2008;118:1577-84.
22. Harris R, Nelson LA, Muller C, Buchwald D. Stroke in American Indians and Alaska Natives: A Systematic Review. Am J Public Health 2015;105:e16-e26.
23. Muller CJ, Alonso A, Forster J, et al. Stroke incidence and survival in American Indians, Blacks, and Whites: The Strong Heart Study and atherosclerosis risk in Communities Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2019;8:e010229.
24. Boden-Albala B, Allen J, Roberts ET, Bulkow L, Trimble B. Ascertainment of Alaska Native Stroke Incidence, 2005-2009: Lessons for Assessing the Global Burden of Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017;26:2019-26.
25. Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, Gan R, et al. Stroke incidence among white, black, and Hispanic residents of an urban community: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:259-68.
26. Hu XF, Singh K, Kenny TA, Chan HM. Prevalence of heart attack and stroke and associated risk factors among Inuit in Canada: A comparison with the general Canadian population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019;222:319-26.
27. Martens PJ, Bartlett JG, Prior HJ, et al. What is the comparative health status and associated risk factors for the Métis? BMC Public Health 2011;11:814.
28. Saposnik G, Brutto OHD. Iberoamerican Society of Cerebrovascular Diseases. Stroke in South America: a systematic review of incidence, prevalence, and stroke subtypes. Stroke 2003;34:2103-7.
29. United Nations Statistics Division. United Nations 2020. Available from: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/index.cshtml. [Last accessed on 6 Apr 2021].
30. Heckmann JG, Duran JC, Galeoto J. The incidence of neurological disorders in tropical South America. Experience in the Bolivian lowlands. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1997;65:291-6.
31. Mienna C, Axelsson P. Somatic health in the Indigenous Sami population - a systematic review. Int J Circumpolar Health 2019;78:1638195.
32. Sjölander P, Hassler S, Janlert U. Stroke and acute myocardial infarction in the Swedish Sami population: Incidence and mortality in relation to income and level of education. Scand J Public Health 2008;36:84-91.
33. Chugunova SA, Nikolaeva TY. The ethnic differences of stroke in Yakutia. Int J Circumpolar Health 2013:72.
34. World Health Organisation. Cardiovascular disease. Available from: https://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/resources/atlas/en/. [Last accessed on 6 Apr 2021].
35. Harris R, Nelson LA, Muller C, Buchwald D. Stroke in American Indians and Alaska natives: a systematic review. Am J Public Health 2015;105:e16-26.
36. Katzenellenbogen JM, Knuiman MW, Sanfilippo FM, Hobbs MST, Thompson SC. Prevalence of stroke and coexistent conditions: disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Western Australians. Int J Stroke 2014;9:61-8.
37. Owolabi M, Sarfo F, Howard VJ, et al. SIREN-REGARDS Collaboration (Stroke Investigative Research and Educational Network-Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke). Stroke in Indigenous Africans, African Americans and European Americans. Interplay of racial and geographic factors. Stroke 2017;48:1169-75.
38. Siri SR, Eliassen BM, Jacobsen BK, et al. Changes in conventional cardiovascular risk factors and the estimated 10-year risk of acute myocardial infarction or cerebral stroke in Sami and non-Sami populations in two population-based cross-sectional surveys: the SAMINOR Study. BMJ Open 2019;9:e028939.
40. Kilkenny M, Harris D, Ritchie E, Price C, Cadilhac D. Hospital management and outcomes of stroke in Indigenous Australians: evidence from the 2009 Acute Care National Stroke Audit. Int J Stroke 2013;8:164-171.
41. Dos Santos A, Mohr K, Jude M, et al. A prospective analysis of stroke recognition, stroke risk factors, thrombolysis rates and outcomes in Indigenous Australians from a large rural referral hospital. Intern Med J 2020; doi: 10.1111/imj.15080.
42. Tiedeman C, Suthers B, Julien B, Hackett A, Oakley P. Management of stroke in the Australian Indigenous population: From hospitals to communities. Intern Med J 2019;49:962-8.
43. Gardiner FW, Bishop L, Dos Santos A, et al. Aeromedical retrieval for stroke in Australia. Cerebrovasc Dis 2020;49:334-40.
44. Nakagawa K, Koenig MA, Asai SM, Chang CW, Seto TB. Disparities among Asians and Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders with ischemic stroke. Neurology 2013;80:839-43.
45. Churchwell K, Elkind M, Benjamin R, Carson A, Change E, Lawrence W. Call to action: Structural Racism as a fundamental driver of health disparities: A presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2020;142:454-68.
46. Nakagawa K, Koenig MA, Seto TB, Asai SM, Chang CW. Racial Disparities among Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders with intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2012;79:675-80.
47. Nakagawa K, MacDonald PR, Asai SM. Stroke Disparities: Disaggregating Native Hawaiians from other Pacific Islanders. Ethn Dis 2015;25:157-61.
48. Akpalu A, Sarfo FS, Ovbiagele B, et al. Phenotyping Stroke in Sub-Saharan Africa: Stroke Investigative Research and Education Network (SIREN) Phenomics Protocol. Neuroepidemiology 2015;45:73-82.
49. Howard VJ, Cushman M, Pulley L, et al. The reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke study: objectives and design. Neuroepidemiology 2005;25:135-43.
50. Soto A, Morales G, Provoste R, et al. Association between Mapuche Ethnicity and Stroke: A Case-Control Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2019;28:1311-6.
51. Del Brutto OH, Mera RM, Montalvan M, et al. Cardiovascular health status and metabolic syndrome in Ecuadorian Natives/Mestizos aged 40 years or more with and without stroke and ischaemic heart disease - An Atahualpa Project Case-Control Nested Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014;23:643-8.
52. He VY, Condon JR, You J, Zhoa Y, Burrow JN. Adverse outcome after incident stroke hospitalisation for Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians in the Northern Territory. Int J Stroke 2015;10:89-95.
53. McGorrian C, Yusuf S, Islam S, et al. Estimating modifiable coronary heart disease risk in multiple regions of the world: the INTERHEART Modifiable Risk Score. Eur Heart J 2011;32:581-89.
54. Siri SRA, Braaten T, Jacobsen BK, Melhus M, Eliassen BM. Distribution of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and the estimated 10-year risk of acute myocardial infarction or cerebral stroke in Sami and non-Sami populations: The SAMINOR-2 Clinical survey. Scand J Public Health 2018;46:638-46.
55. Nystad T, Utsi E, Selmer R, et al. Distribution of apoB/apoA-1 ratio and blood lipids in Sami, Kven and Norwegian populations: the SAMINOR study. Int J Circumpolar Health 2008;67:67-81.
56. Selmer R, Igland J, Ariansen I, et al. NORRISK 2: A Norwegian risk model for acute cerebral stroke and myocardial infarction. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017;24:773-82.
57. Hung KH, Liou KC, Hsu KN, Hu C. Disparities in Ischaemic Stroke Subtypes and Risk Factors between Taiwanese Aborigines and Han Chinese in Taitung, Taiwan. Int J Gerontol 2016;10:17-21.
58. Langhorne P, Williams BO, Gilchrist W, Howie K. Do stroke units save lives? Lancet 1993;342:395-8.
59. Emberson J, Lees KR, Lyden P, et al. Effect of treatment delay, age, and stroke severity on the effects of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet 2014;384:1929-35.
60. Parsons M, Spratt N, Bivard A, et al. A randomised trial of tenecteplase versus alteplase for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1099-107.
61. Goyal M, Menon BK, Zwam WH, et al. Endovascular thrombectomy after large-vessel ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials. Lancet 2016;387:1723-31.
62. Kapral MK, Shah BR, Green ME, et al. Hospital admission for stroke or transient ischemic attack among First Nations people with diabetes in Ontario: a population-based cohort study. CMAJ Open 2020;8:156-62.
63. Attenello FJ, Adamczyk P, Wen G, et al. Racial and socioeconomic disparities in access to mechanical revascularisation procedures for acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014;23:327-34.
64. Kimball M, Neal D, Waters M, Hoh BL. Race and income disparities in ischemic stroke care: Nationwide inpatient sample database, 2002 to 2008. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014;23:17-24.
65. Hsia AW, Edwards DF, Morgenstern LB, et al. Racial disparities in tissue plasminogen activator treatment rate for stroke. A Population-Based Study. Stroke 2011;42:2217-21.
66. Reed SD, Cramer SC, Blough DK, Meyer K, Jarvik JG. Treatment with tissue plasminogen activator and inpatient mortality rates for patients with ischaemic stroke treated in community hospitals. Stroke 2001;32:1832-40.
67. Johnson SC, Fung LH, Gillum LA, et al. Utilisation of intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator for ischemic stroke at academic medical centers: the influence of ethnicity: editorial comment: it is time to implement stroke practice improvement programs and prevent the racial disparity in stroke care. Stroke 2001;32:1061-8.
68. Aparicio HJ, Carr BG, Kasner SE, et al. Racial disparities in intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator use persist at primary stroke centers. JAHA 2015;4:e001877.
69. Brinjikji W, Rabinstein AA, McDonald JS, Cloft HJ. Socioeconomic disparities in the utilisation of mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke in US hospitals. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014;35:553-6.
70. Brinjikji W, Rabinstein AA, Cloft HJ. Socioeconomic disparities in the utilisation of mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014;23:979-84.
71. Blacker D, Armstrong E. Indigenous stroke care: differences, challenges and a need for change. Intern Med J 2019;49:945-7.
73. Mello MM, Wolf LE. The Havasupai Indian Tribe Case - Lessons for Research Involving Stored Biologic Samples. NEJM 2010;363:204-7.
74. Ortiz-Prado E, Simbaña-Rivera K, Gómez-Barreno L, et al. Potential research ethics violations against an indigenous tribe in Ecuador: a mixed methods approach. BMC Med Ethics 2020;21:100.
75. Emberson J, Lees K, Lyden P, Blackwell L, Albers G. Effect of treatment delay, age, and stroke severity on the effects of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet 2014;384:1929-35.
76. Cruz-Flores S, Rabinstein A, Biller J, et al. Racial-ethnic disparities in stroke care: The American experience: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association / American Stroke Association. Stroke 2011;42:2091-116.
77. Cramer SC, Stradling D, Brown DM, et al. Organization of a United States county system for comprehensive acute stroke care. Stroke 2012;43:1089-93.
78. Lazaridis C, Desantis SM, Jauch EC, Adams RJ. Telestroke in South Carolina. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2013;22:946-50.
79. Zhao Y, Condon J, You J, Guthridge S, He V. Assessing improvements in survival for stroke patients in the Northern Territory 1992-2013: a marginal structural analysis. Aust Health Rev 2015;39:437-43.
80. Sandiford P, Selak V, Ghafel M. Are ethnic inequalities in 30-day ischaemic stroke survival emerging as treatment becomes more effective? N Z Med J 2016;129:8-14.
81. In: Kukutai T, Taylor J, editors. . Indigenous data sovereignty: towards an agenda. Canberra: Australian National University; 2016.
82. Carroll, SR, Garba, I, Figueroa-Rodríguez, OL, et al. The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance. Data Science Journal 2020;19:43.
83. Potvin L. No research about “them” without “them”: CJPH policy with regard to publication of health research on First Nations, Inuit, Métis and Indigenous Peoples. Can J Public Health 2020;111:818-21.
84. . NPY Women’s Council Aboriginal Corporation. Traditional Healers of Central Australia: Ngangkari. Australia: Magabala Books; 2013.
