REFERENCES
1. Boskey ER, Kant JD. Unreasonable Expectations: A Call for Training and Educational Transparency in Gender-affirming Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2023;11:e4734.
2. Grimstad F, McLaren H, Gray M. The gynecologic examination of the transfeminine person after penile inversion vaginoplasty. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;224:266-73.
3. Roblee C, Hamidian Jahromi A, Ferragamo B, et al. Gender-affirmative surgery: a collaborative approach between the surgeon and mental health professional. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2023;152:953e-61.
4. Schechter LS, D’Arpa S, Cohen MN, Kocjancic E, Claes KEY, Monstrey S. Gender confirmation surgery: guiding principles. J Sex Med. 2017;14:852-6.
5. Coleman E, Radix AE, Bouman WP, et al. Standards of care for the health of transgender and gender diverse people, version 8. Int J Transgend Health. 2022;23:S1-259.
6. Bouman W, Richards C, Addinall R, et al. Yes and yes again: are standards of care which require two referrals for genital reconstructive surgery ethical? Sexual and Relationship Therapy. 2014;29:377-89.
7. Mehra G, Boskey ER, Ganor O. The quality and utility of referral letters for gender-affirming surgery. Transgend Health. 2022;7:497-504.
8. Mangarelli C, Fell G, Hobbs E, Lowry KW, Williams E, Pratt JSA. Pediatric metabolic and bariatric surgery: indications and preoperative multidisciplinary evaluation. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2024;20:1334-42.
9. De Pasquale C, Veroux M, Indelicato L, et al. Psychopathological aspects of kidney transplantation: efficacy of a multidisciplinary team. World J Transplant. 2014;4:267-75.
10. Randall J, Gordon A, Boyle C, et al. Integrating social work throughout the hematopoietic cell transplantation trajectory to improve patient and caregiver outcomes. Transplant Cell Ther. 2025;31:353.e1-12.
11. Kann MR, Estes E, Pugazenthi S, et al. The impact of surgical prehabilitation on postoperative patient outcomes: a systematic review. J Surg Res. 2025;306:165-81.
12. Bustos VP, Bustos SS, Mascaro A, et al. Regret after gender-affirmation surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2021;9:e3477.
13. Jedrzejewski BY, Marsiglio MC, Guerriero J, Penkin A, Connelly KJ, Berli JU; OHSU Transgender Health Program “Regret and Request for Reversal” Workgroup. Regret after gender-affirming surgery: a multidisciplinary approach to a multifaceted patient experience. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2023;152:206-14.
14. Wiepjes CM, Nota NM, de Blok CJM, et al. The amsterdam cohort of gender dysphoria study (1972-2015): trends in prevalence, treatment, and regrets. J Sex Med. 2018;15:582-90.
15. Deutsch MB. Gender-affirming surgeries in the era of insurance coverage: developing a framework for psychosocial support and care navigation in the perioperative period. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27:386-91.
16. Latack KR, Adidharma W, Moog D, Satterwhite T, Hadj-Moussa M, Morrison SD. Are we preparing patients for gender-affirming surgery? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;146:519e-21.
17. Selvaggi G, Giordano S. The role of mental health professionals in gender reassignment surgeries: unjust discrimination or responsible care? Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2014;38:1177-83.
18. Abreu RL, Sostre JP, Gonzalez KA, Lockett GM, Matsuno E, Mosley DV. Impact of gender-affirming care bans on transgender and gender diverse youth: parental figures’ perspective. J Fam Psychol. 2022;36:643-52.
19. Atwood S, Morgenroth T, Olson KR. Gender essentialism and benevolent sexism in anti‐trans rhetoric. Social Issues Policy Review. 2024;18:171-93.
20. Lee WY, Hobbs JN, Hobaica S, DeChants JP, Price MN, Nath R. State-level anti-transgender laws increase past-year suicide attempts among transgender and non-binary young people in the USA. Nat Hum Behav. 2024;8:2096-106.
21. Pharr JR, Chien LC, Gakh M, Flatt J, Kittle K, Terry E. Serial mediation analysis of the association of familiarity with transgender sports bans and suicidality among sexual and gender minority adults in the United States. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:10641.
22. O’Dwyer C, Kumar S, Wassersug R, et al. Vaginal self-lubrication following peritoneal, penile inversion, and colonic gender-affirming vaginoplasty: a physiologic, anatomic, and histologic review. Sex Med Rev. 2023;11:212-23.
23. Yuan N, Chung T, Ray EC, Sioni C, Jimenez-Eichelberger A, Garcia MM. Requirement of mental health referral letters for staged and revision genital gender-affirming surgeries: an unsanctioned barrier to care. Andrology. 2021;9:1765-72.
24. Ngaage LM, Knighton BJ, Benzel CA, et al. A review of insurance coverage of gender-affirming genital surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;145:803-12.
26. Frey JD, Poudrier G, Chiodo MV, Hazen A. A systematic review of metoidioplasty and radial forearm flap phalloplasty in female-to-male transgender genital reconstruction: is the “ideal” neophallus an achievable goal? Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2016;4:e1131.
27. Ganor O, Taghinia AH, Diamond DA, Boskey ER. Piloting a genital affirmation surgical priorities scale for trans masculine patients. Transgend Health. 2019;4:270-6.
28. Boskey ER, Mehra G, Jolly D, Ganor O. Concerns about internal erectile prostheses among transgender men who have undergone phalloplasty. J Sex Med. 2022;19:1055-9.
29. Fraiman E, Nandwana D, Loria M, et al. Complication and explantation rates of penile prostheses in transmasculine patients: a meta-analysis. Urology. 2024;194:260-8.
30. Griggs R, Henry G, Vasylieva V, Karpman E. Mechanical failure of inflatable penile prostheses: time to failure and reasons for replacement. J Sex Med. 2025;22:909-15.
31. Kristina A, Lindroth M. Exploring the role of sexual attitude reassessment and restructuring (SAR) in current sexology education: for whom, how and why? Sex Education. 2022;22:723-40.
32. Marsiglio M, Fascelli M, Peters BR, et al. Genital gender-affirming surgery requests outside the binary: unique multidisciplinary considerations for transgender and gender diverse patients. Transgender Health. 2024;Epub ahead of print.
33. Shin SJ, Kumar A, Safer JD. Gender-affirming surgery: perioperative medical care. Endocr Pract. 2022;28:420-4.
35. Ropaj E, Haddock G, Pratt D. Developing a consensus of recovery from suicidal ideations and behaviours: a Delphi study with experts by experience. PLoS One. 2023;18:e0291377.
36. McGregor K, McKenna JL, Barrera EP, Williams CR, Hartman-Munick SM, Guss CE. Disordered eating and considerations for the transgender community: a review of the literature and clinical guidance for assessment and treatment. J Eat Disord. 2023;11:75.
37. Rasmussen SM, Dalgaard MK, Roloff M, et al. Eating disorder symptomatology among transgender individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eat Disord. 2023;11:84.
38. Swan J, Phillips TM, Sanders T, Mullens AB, Debattista J, Brömdal A. Mental health and quality of life outcomes of gender-affirming surgery: a systematic literature review. J Gay Lesbian Ment Health. 2023;27:2-45.
39. Ålgars M, Alanko K, Santtila P, Sandnabba NK. Disordered eating and gender identity disorder: a qualitative study. Eat Disord. 2012;20:300-11.
40. Seller CA, Ravalia A. Anaesthetic implications of anorexia nervosa. Anaesthesia. 2003;58:437-43.
41. Sachs KV, Harnke B, Mehler PS, Krantz MJ. Cardiovascular complications of anorexia nervosa: a systematic review. Int J Eat Disord. 2016;49:238-48.
42. Taormina JM, Cordoba Kissee M, Brownstone LM, et al. Approach to the patient: navigating body mass index requirements for gender-affirming surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;109:2389-99.
43. Maine M, Goldberg MH. The role of third molar surgery in the exacerbation of eating disorders. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;59:1297-300.
44. Dragomir MA, Constantinescu A, Andronic O. Mechanical preparation of the colon before colorectal surgery - is it still actual? Maedica. 2024;19:769-74.
45. Antoniou SA, Huo B, Tzanis AA, et al. EAES, SAGES, and ESCP rapid guideline: bowel preparation for minimally invasive colorectal resection. Surg Endosc. 2023;37:9001-12.
46. Catarci M, Guadagni S, Masedu F, et al. Oral antibiotics alone versus oral antibiotics combined with mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery: a propensity score-matching re-analysis of the iCral 2 and 3 prospective cohorts. Antibiotics. 2024;13:235.
47. Zhang J, Xu L, Shi G. Is mechanical bowel preparation necessary for gynecologic surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2016;81:155-61.
48. Fang A, Matheny NL, Wilhelm S. Body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2014;37:287-300.
49. Higgins S, Wysong A. Cosmetic surgery and body dysmorphic disorder - an update. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2018;4:43-8.
50. Jassi A, McLaren R, Krebs G. Body dysmorphic disorder and gender dysphoria: differential diagnosis in adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2025;34:1225-7.
51. Bustos VP, Bustos SS, Mascaro A, et al. Transgender and gender-nonbinary patient satisfaction after transmasculine chest surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2021;9:e3479.
52. Mehringer JE, Harrison JB, Quain KM, Shea JA, Hawkins LA, Dowshen NL. Experience of chest dysphoria and masculinizing chest surgery in transmasculine youth. Pediatrics. 2021;147:e2020013300.
53. Morrison SD, Vyas KS, Motakef S, et al. Facial feminization: systematic review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137:1759-70.
54. Papadopulos NA, Ehrenberger B, Zavlin D, et al. Quality of life and satisfaction in transgender men after phalloplasty in a retrospective study. Ann Plast Surg. 2021;87:91-7.
55. Park RH, Liu YT, Samuel A, et al. Long-term outcomes after gender-affirming surgery: 40-year follow-up study. Ann Plast Surg. 2022;89:431-6.
56. Schoffer AK, Bittner AK, Hess J, Kimmig R, Hoffmann O. Complications and satisfaction in transwomen receiving breast augmentation: short- and long-term outcomes. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2022;305:1517-24.
57. Tirrell AR, Abu El Hawa AA, Bekeny JC, Chang BL, Del Corral G. Facial feminization surgery: a systematic review of perioperative surgical planning and outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2022;10:e4210.
58. Lewis JE, Patterson AR, Effirim MA, et al. Examining gender-specific mental health risks after gender-affirming surgery: a national database study. J Sex Med. 2025;22:645-51.
59. Sweis IE, Spitz J, Barry DR Jr, Cohen M. A review of body dysmorphic disorder in aesthetic surgery patients and the legal implications. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2017;41:949-54.
60. Feusner JD, Moody T, Hembacher E, et al. Abnormalities of visual processing and frontostriatal systems in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:197-205.
61. Feusner JD, Hembacher E, Moller H, Moody TD. Abnormalities of object visual processing in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychol Med. 2011;41:2385-97.
63. Houghton DC, Alexander JR, Bauer CC, Woods DW. Abnormal perceptual sensitivity in body-focused repetitive behaviors. Compr Psychiatry. 2018;82:45-52.
64. Sampaio DG, Grant JE. Body-focused repetitive behaviors and the dermatology patient. Clin Dermatol. 2018;36:723-7.
65. Deckersbach T, Wilhelm S, Keuthen NJ, Baer L, Jenike MA. Cognitive-behavior therapy for self-injurious skin picking. A case series. Behav Modif. 2002;26:361-77.
67. Grant JE, Chamberlain SR, Redden SA, Leppink EW, Odlaug BL, Kim SW. N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of excoriation disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73:490-6.
68. Lee DK, Lipner SR. The potential of N-acetylcysteine for treatment of trichotillomania, excoriation disorder, onychophagia, and onychotillomania: an updated literature review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:6370.
69. He F, Jiang Y, Li L. The effect of naloxone treatment on opioid-induced side effects: a meta-analysis of randomized and controlled trails. Medicine. 2016;95:e4729.
70. Pinciotti CM, Avery J, Zhang C, et al; Latin American Trans-ancestry INitiative for OCD genomics (LATINO), Brazilian Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Work Group (GTTOC). Benchmarking empirical severity for the yale-brown obsessive compulsive scale-second edition. J Affect Disord. 2025;390:119719.
71. Song Y, Li D, Zhang S, et al. The effect of exposure and response prevention therapy on obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2022;317:114861.
72. Shamamian PE, Chen D, Wang A, et al. Predictors of dilation difficulty in gender-affirming vaginoplasty. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2025;101:178-86.
73. Schardein JN, Nikolavsky D. Sexual functioning of transgender females post-vaginoplasty: evaluation, outcomes and treatment strategies for sexual dysfunction. Sex Med Rev. 2022;10:77-90.
74. Butler C, Dugi D, Dy GW. Gender-affirming surgery, care, and common complications. In: Textbook of Female Urology and Urogynecology. 5th ed. CRC Press; 2023. pp. 1270-80.
75. O’Laughlin DJ, Strelow B, Fellows N, et al. Addressing anxiety and fear during the female pelvic examination. J Prim Care Community Health. 2021;12:2150132721992195.
76. Narr RK, Kvach E, O’Connell R. Sexual abuse and trauma-informed care for transgender and gender diverse people in Ob/Gyn practice. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/context-principles-and-practice-of-transgynecology/sexual-abuse-and-traumainformed-care-for-transgender-and-gender-diverse-people-in-obgyn-practice/7199608D7F16ED670AFDB87D381C846B. [Last accessed on 20 Jan 2026].
77. Umholtz M, Cilnyk J, Wang CK, Porhomayon J, Pourafkari L, Nader ND. Postanesthesia emergence in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. J Clin Anesth. 2016;34:3-10.
78. McBain SA, Cordova MJ. Clinical education: addressing prior trauma and its impacts in medical settings. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2024;31:501-12.
79. Bliton JN, Zakrison TL, Vong G, et al. Ethical care of the traumatized: conceptual introduction to trauma-informed care for surgeons and surgical residents. J Am Coll Surg. 2022;234:1238-47.
80. Fletcher KE, Steinbach S, Lewis F, Hendricks M, Kwan B. Hospitalized medical patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): review of the literature and a roadmap for improved care. J Hosp Med. 2021;16:38-43.
81. Bryan AE, Kim HJ, Fredriksen-Goldsen KI. Factors associated with high-risk alcohol consumption among LGB older adults: the roles of gender, social support, perceived stress, discrimination, and stigma. Gerontologist. 2017;57:S95-104.
82. James SE, Herman JL, Rankin S, Keisling M, Mottet M, Anafi M. The report of the 2015 U.S. transgender survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality; 2016. Available from: https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS%20Full%20Report%20-%20FINAL%201.6.17.pdf. [Last accessed on 20 Jan 2026].
83. Kidd JD, Jackman KB, Wolff M, Veldhuis CB, Hughes TL. Risk and protective factors for substance use among sexual and gender minority youth: a scoping review. Curr Addict Rep. 2018;5:158-73.
84. Matsuzaki K, Upton D. Wound treatment and pain management: a stressful time. Int Wound J. 2013;10:638-44.
86. Baratta JL, Schwenk ES, Viscusi ER. Clinical consequences of inadequate pain relief: barriers to optimal pain management. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;134:15S-21.
87. Sterling J, Policastro C, Elyaguov J, Simhan J, Nikolavsky D. How and why tobacco use affects reconstructive surgical practice: a contemporary narrative review. Transl Androl Urol. 2023;12:112-27.
88. Xu Z, Norwich-Cavanaugh A, Hsia HC. Can nicotine replacement therapy decrease complications in plastic surgery? Ann Plast Surg. 2019;83:S55-8.
89. Malave B, Vrooman B. Vasovagal reactions during interventional pain management procedures-a review of pathophysiology, incidence, risk factors, prevention, and management. Med Sci. 2022;10:39.
90. Brown B, Rutherford P, Crawford P. The role of noise in clinical environments with particular reference to mental health care: a narrative review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2015;52:1514-24.
91. Hsu SM, Ko WJ, Liao WC, et al. Associations of exposure to noise with physiological and psychological outcomes among post-cardiac surgery patients in ICUs. Clinics. 2010;65:985-9.
92. Kirkman M, Dobson A, McDonald K, Webster A, Wijaya P, Fisher J. Health professionals’ and beauty therapists’ perspectives on female genital cosmetic surgery: an interview study. BMC Womens Health. 2023;23:601.
93. Moran C, Lee C. ‘Everyone wants a vagina that looks less like a vagina’: Australian women’s views on dissatisfaction with genital appearance. J Health Psychol. 2018;23:229-39.
94. Mowat H, Dobson AS, Mcdonald K, Fisher J, Kirkman M. “For myself and others like me”: women’s contributions to vulva-positive social media. Feminist Media Stud. 2020;20:35-52.
95. Kvach E, O’connell R, Sairafi S, Holland K, Wittmer N. Dilation outcomes for transgender and nonbinary patients following gender-affirming vaginoplasty in a US county safety-net system. J Womens & Pelvic Health Phys Ther. 2024;48:154-64.
96. Blasdel G, Kloer C, Parker A, Castle E, Bluebond-Langner R, Zhao LC. Coming soon: ability to orgasm after gender affirming vaginoplasty. J Sex Med. 2022;19:781-8.
97. Holmberg M, Arver S, Dhejne C. Improving sexual function and pleasure in transgender persons. In: Hall G, Binik YM, Editors. Principles and practice of sex therapy. 6th ed. New York: The Guilford Press; 2020. pp. 423-54. Available from: https://www.guilford.com/books/Principles-and-Practice-of-Sex-Therapy/Hall-Binik/9781462543397/contents. [Last accessed on 20 Jan 2026].
98. Kerckhof ME, Kreukels BPC, Nieder TO, et al. Prevalence of sexual dysfunctions in transgender persons: results from the ENIGI follow-up study. J Sex Med. 2019;16:2018-29.
99. Kloer C, Parker A, Blasdel G, Kaplan S, Zhao L, Bluebond-Langner R. Sexual health after vaginoplasty: a systematic review. Andrology. 2021;9:1744-64.
100. Wierckx K, Van Caenegem E, Elaut E, et al. Quality of life and sexual health after sex reassignment surgery in transsexual men. J Sex Med. 2011;8:3379-88.
101. Wierckx K, Van Caenegem E, Weyers S, et al. Quality of life and sexual health after sex reassignment surgery in female-to-male transsexuals. J Sex Med. 2011;8:190.
102. Min J, Yorgason JB, Fast J, Chudyk A. The impact of spouse’s illness on depressive symptoms: the roles of spousal caregiving and marital satisfaction. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2020;75:1548-57.
103. Randall G, Molloy GJ, Steptoe A. The impact of an acute cardiac event on the partners of patients: a systematic review. Health Psychol Rev. 2009;3:1-84.
104. Lench HC, Levine LJ, Perez K, et al. When and why people misestimate future feelings: Identifying strengths and weaknesses in affective forecasting. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2019;116:724-42.
105. Wilson TD, Gilbert DT. Affective forecasting: knowing what to want. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2005;14:131-4.
106. Kade T. “Hey, by the way, I’m transgender”: Transgender disclosures as coming out stories in social contexts among trans men. Socius. 2021;7:23780231211039389.
107. Table B, Carroll RW, Holland MR. Communicating transgender identity. In: Luurs GD, editor. Handbook of research on communication strategies for taboo topics. IGI Global; 2022. pp. 126-52.
108. Coelho DRA, Chen AL, Keuroghlian AS. Advancing transgender health amid rising policy threats. N Engl J Med. 2025;392:1041-4.
