REFERENCES
2. Park SS. Reconstruction of nasal defects larger than 1.5 centimeters in diameter. Laryngoscope. 2000;110:1241-50.
3. Correa BJ, Weathers WM, Wolfswinkel EM, Thornton JF. The forehead flap: the gold standard of nasal soft tissue reconstruction. Semin Plast Surg. 2013;27:96-103.
5. Arianpour K, Byrne PJ. Nasal lining reconstruction with prelaminated forehead flap. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2024;32:239-46.
6. Aliotta RE, Meleca J, Vidimos A, Fritz MA. Free vascularized fascia lata flap for total columella reconstruction. Am J Otolaryngol. 2022;43:103226.
7. Howard BE, Patel S, Shockley WW, Clark JM. Total nasal reconstruction: advances in free tissue transfer for internal lining and structural support. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2024;32:247-59.
8. Menick FJ. Aesthetic refinements in use of forehead for nasal reconstruction: the paramedian forehead flap. Clin Plast Surg. 1990;17:607-22.
9. Conduto D, Antunes de Almeida A, Pinto A, Nixon Martins A, Pinheiro C. Healing by secondary intention or skin grafting for the paramedian forehead flap donor area. Cureus. 2025;17:e77076.
10. Little SC, Hughley BB, Park SS. Complications with forehead flaps in nasal reconstruction. Laryngoscope. 2009;119:1093-9.
11. Ji J, Alexander N, Enin K, Spataro E. Factors associated with outcomes of facial reconstruction after mohs micrographic surgery. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. 2024;17:NP131-7.
12. Chen CL, Most SP, Branham GH, Spataro EA. Postoperative complications of paramedian forehead flap reconstruction. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2019;21:298-304.
13. Wu SS, Patel V, Oladeji T, Knackstedt R, Gastman B. Development of a risk prediction model for complications following forehead flaps for nasal and periorbital reconstruction. J Craniofac Surg. 2023;34:362-7.
14. DeSisto NG, Arnaud EH, Chowdhury N, et al. Forehead flap practices: a cross-sectional survey of facial plastic and reconstructive surgeons. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med. 2024;26:256-61.
15. Menick FJ. A 10-year experience in nasal reconstruction with the three-stage forehead flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002:109;1856-61.
17. Stahl AS, Gubisch W, Haack S, Meisner C, Stahl S. Aesthetic and functional outcomes of 2-stage versus 3-stage paramedian forehead flap techniques: a 9-year comparative study with prospectively collected data. Dermatol Surg. 2015;41:1137-48.
18. Palmer WJ, Amin D, Kaki P, et al. Outcomes and complications of 2-stage versus 3-stage paramedian forehead flaps. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2025;172:1888-96.
19. Santos Stahl A, Gubisch W, Fischer H, Haack S, Meisner C, Stahl S. A cohort study of paramedian forehead flap in 2 stages (87 flaps) and 3 stages (100 flaps). Ann Plast Surg. 2015;75:615-9.
20. Woodard CR, Most SP. Intraoperative angiography using laser-assisted indocyanine green imaging to map perfusion of forehead flaps. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2012;14:263-9.
21. Eskiizmir G, Tanyeri Toker G, Ozgur E, Tarhan S, Cengiz Ozyurt B. Hemodynamic changes in paramedian forehead flap. J Craniofac Surg. 2018;29:159-62.
22. Colwell AS, Craft RO. Near-infrared spectroscopy in autologous breast reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg. 2011;38:301-7.
23. de Weerd L, Mercer JB, Setså LB. Intraoperative dynamic infrared thermography and free-flap surgery. Ann Plast Surg. 2006;57:279-84.
24. Singer R, Lewis CM, Franklin JD, Lynch JB. Fluorescein test for prediction of flap viability during breast reconstructions. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1978;61:371-5.
25. Hölzle F, Loeffelbein DJ, Nolte D, Wolff KD. Free flap monitoring using simultaneous non-invasive laser Doppler flowmetry and tissue spectrophotometry. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2006;34:25-33.
26. Abdelwahab M, Kandathil CK, Most SP, Spataro EA. Utility of indocyanine green angiography to identify clinical factors associated with perfusion of paramedian forehead flaps during nasal reconstruction surgery. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2019;21:206-12.
27. Calloway HE, Moubayed SP, Most SP. Cost-effectiveness of early division of the forehead flap pedicle. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2017;19:418-20.
28. Surowitz JB, Most SP. Use of laser-assisted indocyanine green angiography for early division of the forehead flap pedicle. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2015;17:209-14.
29. Rudy SF, Abdelwahab M, Kandathil CK, Most SP. Paramedian forehead flap pedicle division after 7 days using laser-assisted indocyanine green angiography. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2021;74:116-22.
30. Somoano B, Kampp J, Gladstone HB. Accelerated takedown of the paramedian forehead flap at 1 week: indications, technique, and improving patient quality of life. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65:97-105.
31. Hsu FY, Hsiao YC, Su YJ, Chang CS, Yen CI. A prospective study of psychological adjustment during and after forehead flap nasal reconstruction. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2024;52:692-6.
32. Park SS. The single-stage forehead flap in nasal reconstruction: an alternative with advantages. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2002;4:32-6.
33. Park SS. Revisiting the single-stage forehead flap in nasal reconstruction. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2013;15:383-4.
34. Longino ES, Kandathil CK, Most SP. Comparing perfusion of single-stage and multi-staged paramedian forehead flaps using indocyanine green angiography. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med. 2025;27:357-60.
35. Burget GC, Menick FJ. The subunit principle in nasal reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985;76:239-47.
36. Gassner H, Sadick H, Haubner F, Artinger V, Kuehnel T. Prelamination to reconstruct internal nasal lining. Facial Plast Surg. 2013;29:411-6.
37. Griffin GR, Chepeha DB, Moyer JS. Interpolated subcutaneous fat pedicle melolabial flap for large nasal lining defects. Laryngoscope. 2013;123:356-9.
38. Okland TS, Akkina SR, Perrault D, Most SP. The single-stage melolabial flap for internal lining of full thickness defects of the nasal ala. Am J Otolaryngol. 2023;44:103804.
39. Ziegler JP, Oyer SL. Prelaminated paramedian forehead flap for subtotal nasal reconstruction using three-dimensional printing. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14:e238146.
