REFERENCES
1. The International Agency for Research on Cancer World Health Organization. Cancer today. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today/files/803/pie.html [Last accessed on 22 May 2024].
2. Carioli G, Malvezzi M, Rodriguez T, Bertuccio P, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Trends and predictions to 2020 in breast cancer mortality in Europe. Breast 2017;36:89-95.
3. Arnold M, Morgan E, Rumgay H, et al. Current and future burden of breast cancer: global statistics for 2020 and 2040. Breast 2022;66:15-23.
4. Baethge C, Goldbeck-Wood S, Mertens S. SANRA-a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles. Res Integr Peer Rev 2019;4:5.
5. Brix B, Sery O, Onorato A, Ure C, Roessler A, Goswami N. Biology of lymphedema. Biology 2021;10:261.
6. Armer JM, Ballman KV, McCall L, et al. Lymphedema symptoms and limb measurement changes in breast cancer survivors treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and axillary dissection: results of American college of surgeons oncology group (ACOSOG) Z1071 (Alliance) substudy. Support Care Cancer 2019;27:495-503.
7. Naoum GE, Roberts S, Brunelle CL, et al. Quantifying the impact of axillary surgery and nodal irradiation on breast cancer-related lymphedema and local tumor control: long-term results from a prospective screening trial. J Clin Oncol 2020;38:3430-8.
8. Swaroop MN, Ferguson CM, Horick NK, et al. Impact of adjuvant taxane-based chemotherapy on development of breast cancer-related lymphedema: results from a large prospective cohort. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015;151:393-403.
9. Paskett ED, Naughton MJ, McCoy TP, Case LD, Abbott JM. The epidemiology of arm and hand swelling in premenopausal breast cancer survivors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16:775-82.
10. Shen A, Lu Q, Fu X, et al. Risk factors of unilateral breast cancer-related lymphedema: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of 84 cohort studies. Support Care Cancer 2022;31:18.
11. Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks H. Ganong's review of medical physiology 25th edition: 25th edition. Available from: https://www.mheducation.com/highered/product/ganong-s-review-medical-physiology-25th-edition-barrett-brooks/9780071826457.html [Last accessed on 22 May 2024].
12. Brown S, Dayan JH, Kataru RP, Mehrara BJ. The vicious circle of stasis, inflammation, and fibrosis in lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg 2023;151:330e-41e.
13. Koc M, Wald M, Varaliová Z, et al. Lymphedema alters lipolytic, lipogenic, immune and angiogenic properties of adipose tissue: a hypothesis-generating study in breast cancer survivors. Sci Rep 2021;11:8171.
14. Tashiro K, Feng J, Wu SH, et al. Pathological changes of adipose tissue in secondary lymphoedema. Br J Dermatol 2017;177:158-67.
15. Zhang J, Hoffner M, Brorson H. Adipocytes are larger in lymphedematous extremities than in controls. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2022;56:172-9.
16. Hoffner M, Peterson P, Månsson S, Brorson H. Lymphedema leads to fat deposition in muscle and decreased muscle/water volume after liposuction: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Lymphat Res Biol 2018;16:174-81.
17. Kinney JR, Friedman R, Kim E, et al. Non-linear lymphatic anatomy in breast cancer patients prior to axillary lymph node dissection: a risk factor for lymphedema development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2023;28:20.
18. Thomis S, Devoogdt N, Bechter-Hugl B, Fourneau I. Early disturbance of lymphatic transport as a risk factor for the development of breast-cancer-related lymphedema. Cancers 2023;15:1774.
19. Yan A, Avraham T, Zampell JC, Aschen SZ, Mehrara BJ. Mechanisms of lymphatic regeneration after tissue transfer. PLoS One 2011;6:e17201.
20. Slavin SA, Van den Abbeele AD, Losken A, Swartz MA, Jain RK. Return of lymphatic function after flap transfer for acute lymphedema. Ann Surg 1999;229:421-7.
21. Ogata F, Fujiu K, Matsumoto S, et al. Excess lymphangiogenesis cooperatively induced by macrophages and CD4+ T cells drives the pathogenesis of lymphedema. J Invest Dermatol 2016;136:706-14.
22. Antoniak K, Hansdorfer-Korzon R, Mrugacz M, Zorena K. Adipose tissue and biological factors. Possible link between lymphatic system dysfunction and obesity. Metabolites 2021;11:617.
23. Azhar SH, Lim HY, Tan BK, Angeli V. The unresolved pathophysiology of lymphedema. Front Physiol 2020;11:137.
24. Mehrara BJ, Park HJ, Kataru RP, et al. Pilot study of anti-Th2 immunotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer-related upper extremity lymphedema. Biology 2021;10:934.
25. Zampell JC, Yan A, Elhadad S, Avraham T, Weitman E, Mehrara BJ. CD4+ cells regulate fibrosis and lymphangiogenesis in response to lymphatic fluid stasis. PLoS One 2012;7:e49940.
26. Mihara M, Hara H, Hayashi Y, et al. Pathological steps of cancer-related lymphedema: histological changes in the collecting lymphatic vessels after lymphadenectomy. PLoS One 2012;7:e41126.
27. Nuri T, Jin D, Takai S, Ueda K. Tryptase-positive mast cells promote adipose fibrosis in secondary lymphedema through PDGF. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023;45:8027-39.
28. Ogata F, Fujiu K, Koshima I, Nagai R, Manabe I. Phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells in lymphoedema. Br J Dermatol 2015;172:1286-93.
29. Hara Y, Otsubo R, Shinohara S, et al. Lymphedema after axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer: prevalence and risk factors-A single-center retrospective study. Lymphat Res Biol 2022;20:600-6.
30. Thomas M, Pike C, Humphreys I, Bragg T, Ghattaura A. Impact and outcomes after lymphaticovenous anastomosis for 150 cases of lymphoedema followed up over 24 months. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2023;85:104-13.
31. Dauplat J, Thivat E, Rouanet P, et al. STIC-RMI Working Group. Risk factors associated with complications after unilateral immediate breast reconstruction: a french prospective multicenter study. In Vivo 2021;35:937-45.
32. Leysen L, Beckwée D, Nijs J, et al. Risk factors of pain in breast cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Support Care Cancer 2017;25:3607-43.
33. Humar P, Moroni E, Raghuram A, et al. Upper extremity functional outcomes after breast cancer treatment: an analysis of DASH score in breast reconstruction patients. Aesthet Surg J 2024;44:396-403.
34. Zehra S, Doyle F, Barry M, Walsh S, Kell MR. Health-related quality of life following breast reconstruction compared to total mastectomy and breast-conserving surgery among breast cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer 2020;27:534-66.
35. Penha TR, Botter B, Heuts EM, Voogd AC, von Meyenfeldt MF, van der Hulst RR. Quality of life in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema and reconstructive breast surgery. J Reconstr Microsurg 2016;32:484-90.
36. Schubart JR, Emerich M, Farnan M, Stanley Smith J, Kauffman GL, Kass RB. Screening for psychological distress in surgical breast cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2014;21:3348-53.
37. Mehnert A, Hartung TJ, Friedrich M, et al. One in two cancer patients is significantly distressed: prevalence and indicators of distress. Psychooncology 2018;27:75-82.
38. Hass HG, Seywald M, Wöckel A, Muco B, Tanriverdi M, Stepien J. Psychological distress in breast cancer patients during oncological inpatient rehabilitation: incidence, triggering factors and correlation with treatment-induced side effects. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2023;307:919-25.
39. Coriddi M, Kim LN, Haglich K, et al. The impact of lymphedema on patient-reported outcomes after breast reconstruction: a preliminary propensity score-matched analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2023;30:3061-71.
41. Moffatt CJ, Franks PJ, Doherty DC, et al. Lymphoedema: an underestimated health problem. QJM 2003;96:731-8.
42. Shih YC, Xu Y, Cormier JN, et al. Incidence, treatment costs, and complications of lymphedema after breast cancer among women of working age: a 2-year follow-up study. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:2007-14.
43. Vella F, Filetti V, Cirrincione L, et al. Work ability after breast cancer: study of healthcare personnel operating in a hospital of South Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19:10835.
44. Dean LT, Moss SL, Ransome Y, et al. "It still affects our economic situation": long-term economic burden of breast cancer and lymphedema. Support Care Cancer 2019;27:1697-708.
45. Pereira ACP, Koifman RJ, Bergmann A. Incidence and risk factors of lymphedema after breast cancer treatment: 10 years of follow-up. Breast 2017;36:67-73.
46. Liu YF, Liu JE, Mak YW, et al. Prevalence and predictors of breast cancer-related arm lymphedema over a 10-year period in postoperative breast cancer patients: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2021;51:101909.
47. Mikami T, Koyama A, Hashimoto K, et al. Pathological changes in the lymphatic system of patients with secondary upper limb lymphoedema. Sci Rep 2019;9:8499.
48. Quartuccio N, Siracusa M, Pappalardo M, Arnone A, Arnone G. Sentinel node identification in melanoma: current clinical impact, new emerging SPECT radiotracers and technological advancements. an update of the last decade. Curr Radiopharm 2020;13:32-41.
49. Smoot BJ, Mastick J, Shepherd J, et al. Use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to assess soft tissue composition in breast cancer survivors with and without lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol 2022;20:391-7.
50. Johnson KC, DeSarno M, Ashikaga T, Dee J, Henry SM. Ultrasound and clinical measures for lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol 2016;14:8-17.
51. Canales-Lachén E, Asunsolo Á, Manrique OJ, Blázquez J, Holguín P, Maldonado AA. The use of ultrasound imaging for upper extremity lymphedema after breast cancer: a systematic review. J Reconstr Microsurg 2023;39:102-10.
52. Thomis S, Devoogdt N, De Vrieze T, Bechter-Hugl B, Heroes AK, Fourneau I. Relation between early disturbance of lymphatic transport visualized with lymphofluoroscopy and other clinical assessment methods in patients with breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2022;22:e37-47.
53. Armer JM, Stewart BR. A comparison of four diagnostic criteria for lymphedema in a post-breast cancer population. Lymphat Res Biol 2005;3:208-17.
54. Tierney S, Aslam M, Rennie K, Grace P. Infrared optoelectronic volumetry, the ideal way to measure limb volume. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1996;12:412-7.
55. Hayes S, Cornish B, Newman B. Comparison of methods to diagnose lymphoedema among breast cancer survivors: 6-month follow-up. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005;89:221-6.
56. Cornish BH, Chapman M, Hirst C, Mirolo B, Bunce IH, Ward LC, Thomas BJ. Early diagnosis of lymphedema using multiple frequency bioimpedance. Lymphology 2001;34:2-11.
57. Vicini F, Shah C, Lyden M, Whitworth P. Bioelectrical impedance for detecting and monitoring patients for the development of upper limb lymphedema in the clinic. Clin Breast Cancer 2012;12:133-7.
58. Shah C, Vicini F, Beitsch P, et al. The use of bioimpedance spectroscopy to monitor therapeutic intervention in patients treated for breast cancer related lymphedema. Lymphology 2013;46:184-92.
59. Ward LC, Dylke E, Czerniec S, Isenring E, Kilbreath SL. Confirmation of the reference impedance ratios used for assessment of breast cancer-related lymphedema by bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy. Lymphat Res Biol 2011;9:47-51.
60. Czerniec SA, Ward LC, Lee MJ, Refshauge KM, Beith J, Kilbreath SL. Segmental measurement of breast cancer-related arm lymphoedema using perometry and bioimpedance spectroscopy. Support Care Cancer 2011;19:703-10.
61. Hayes S, Janda M, Cornish B, Battistutta D, Newman B. Lymphedema secondary to breast cancer: how choice of measure influences diagnosis, prevalence, and identifiable risk factors. Lymphology 2008;41:18-28.
62. Pappalardo M, Starnoni M, Franceschini G, Baccarani A, De Santis G. Breast cancer-related lymphedema: recent updates on diagnosis, severity and available treatments. J Pers Med 2021;11:402.
63. de Sire A, Losco L, Cigna E, et al. Three-dimensional laser scanning as a reliable and reproducible diagnostic tool in breast cancer related lymphedema rehabilitation: a proof-of-principle study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020;24:4476-85.
64. Aldrich MB, Rasmussen JC, Fife CE, Shaitelman SF, Sevick-Muraca EM. The development and treatment of lymphatic dysfunction in cancer patients and survivors. Cancers 2020;12:2280.
65. Seward C, Skolny M, Brunelle C, Asdourian M, Salama L, Taghian AG. A comprehensive review of bioimpedance spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for the detection and measurement of breast cancer-related lymphedema. J Surg Oncol 2016;114:537-42.
66. Qin ES, Bowen MJ, Chen WF. Diagnostic accuracy of bioimpedance spectroscopy in patients with lymphedema: a retrospective cohort analysis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2018;71:1041-50.
67. Koehler LA, Mayrovitz HN. Spatial and temporal variability of upper extremity edema measures after breast cancer surgery. Lymphat Res Biol 2019;17:308-15.
68. Mayrovitz HN. Medical applications of skin tissue dielectric constant measurements. Cureus 2023;15:e50531.
69. Mayrovitz HN, Arzanova E, Somarriba S, Eisa S. Factors affecting interpretation of tissue dielectric constant (TDC) in assessing breast cancer treatment related lymphedema (BCRL). Lymphology 2019;52:92-102.
70. Polat AK, Karabacak U, Mutlu V, Tomak L, Bilgici A. Early diagnosis of lymphedema after breast cancer treatment: bio-impedance spectroscopy. J Breast Health 2017;13:83-7.
71. Watanabe S, Kajita H, Suzuki Y, et al. Photoacoustic lymphangiography is a possible alternative for lymphedema staging. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2022;10:1318-24.e2.
72. Zackrisson S, van de Ven SMWY, Gambhir SS. Light in and sound out: emerging translational strategies for photoacoustic imaging. Cancer Res 2014;74:979-1004.
73. O'Toole J, Jammallo LS, Miller CL, Skolny MN, Specht MC, Taghian AG. Screening for breast cancer-related lymphedema: the need for standardization. Oncologist 2013;18:350-2.
74. Figueroa BA, Lammers JD, Al-malak M, Pandey S, Chen WF. Lymphoscintigraphy versus indocyanine green lymphography-which should be the gold standard for lymphedema imaging? Lymphatics 2023;1:25-33.
75. Sun F, Skolny MN, Swaroop MN, et al. The need for preoperative baseline arm measurement to accurately quantify breast cancer-related lymphedema. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016;157:229-40.
76. Executive Committee. The diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphedema: 2016 consensus document of the international society of lymphology. Lymphology 2016;49:170-84.
77. Executive Committee of the International Society of Lymphology.. The diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphedema: 2020 consensus document of the international society of lymphology. Lymphology 2020;53:3-19.
78. International Society of Lymphology. The diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphedema: 2013 consensus document of the international society of lymphology. Lymphology 2013;46:1-11.
79. Halsted WS. The results of operations for the cure of cancer of the breast performed at the johns Hopkins hospital from June, 1889, to January, 1894. Ann Surg 1894;20:497-555.
80. Christiansen P, Mele M, Bodilsen A, Rocco N, Zachariae R. Breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy? Impact on survival. Ann Surg Open 2022;3:e205.
81. Abass MO, Gismalla MDA, Alsheikh AA, Elhassan MMA. Axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer: efficacy and complication in developing countries. J Glob Oncol 2018;4:1-8.
82. Tfayli A, Temraz S, Abou Mrad R, Shamseddine A. Breast cancer in low- and middle-income countries: an emerging and challenging epidemic. J Oncol 2010;2010:490631.
83. Boyages J, Vicini FA, Manavi BA, et al. Axillary treatment and chronic breast cancer-related lymphedema: implications for prospective surveillance and intervention from a randomized controlled trial. JCO Oncol Pract 2023;19:1116-24.
84. Basta MN, Wu LC, Kanchwala SK, et al. Reliable prediction of postmastectomy lymphedema: the risk assessment tool evaluating lymphedema. Am J Surg 2017;213:1125-33.e1.
85. Coriddi M, Khansa I, Stephens J, Miller M, Boehmler J, Tiwari P. Analysis of factors contributing to severity of breast cancer-related lymphedema. Ann Plast Surg 2015;74:22-5.
86. Lee J, Jung JH, Kim WW, et al. Ten-year oncologic outcomes in T1-3N1 breast cancer after targeted axillary sampling: a retrospective study. Ann Surg Oncol 2023;30:4669-77.
87. Miller CL, Specht MC, Skolny MN, et al. Risk of lymphedema after mastectomy: potential benefit of applying ACOSOG Z0011 protocol to mastectomy patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014;144:71-7.
88. Afif M, Kouhen F, Benjaafar N. Hypofractionated radiation therapy in the management of breast cancer: analysis of 350 patients treated in the national institute of oncology of Rabat, Morocco. Tumori 2019;105:4-5.
89. Bellefqih S, Elmajjaoui S, Aarab J, et al. Hypofractionated regional nodal irradiation for women with node-positive breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017;97:563-70.
90. Chaffai I, Cao K, Kissel M, et al. [Patient selection and early tolerance of whole breast irradiation according to the "fast forward" protocol: preliminary results]. Cancer Radiother 2022;26:542-6.
91. Coen JJ, Taghian AG, Kachnic LA, Assaad SI, Powell SN. Risk of lymphedema after regional nodal irradiation with breast conservation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003;55:1209-15.
92. De Matteis S, Facondo G, Valeriani M, et al. Hypofractionated radiation therapy (HFRT) of breast/chest wall and regional nodes in locally advanced breast cancer: toxicity profile and survival outcomes in retrospective monoistitutional study. Clin Breast Cancer 2022;22:e332-40.
93. Doss V, Healy E, Beyer S, Jhawar SR, Bazan JG, White J. Abstract P3-19-17: Radiation of the low axilla in the prone position. Cancer Res 2022; 82 (4_Supplement):P3-19.
94. Gil GOB, de Andrade WP, Diniz PHC, et al. A phase II randomized clinical trial to assess toxicity and quality of life of breast cancer patients with hypofractionated versus conventional fractionation radiotherapy with regional nodal irradiation in the context of COVID-19 crisis. Front Oncol 2023;13:1202544.
95. Kanda MH, da Costa Vieira RA, Lima JPSN, Paiva CE, de Araujo RLC. Late locoregional complications associated with adjuvant radiotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Surg Oncol 2020;121:766-76.
96. Heiman AJ, Gabbireddy SR, Kotamarti VS, Ricci JA. A meta-analysis of autologous microsurgical breast reconstruction and timing of adjuvant radiation therapy. J Reconstr Microsurg 2021;37:336-45.
97. Naoum GE, Salama L, Niemierko A, et al. Single stage direct-to-implant breast reconstruction has lower complication rates than tissue expander and implant and comparable rates to autologous reconstruction in patients receiving postmastectomy radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020;106:514-24.
98. Lauritzen E, Damsgaard TE. Use of indocyanine green angiography decreases the risk of complications in autologous- and implant-based breast reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2021;74:1703-17.
99. Murphy JA, Milner TD, O'Donoghue JM. Contralateral risk-reducing mastectomy in sporadic breast cancer. Lancet Oncol 2013;14:e262-9.
100. Yang RL, Newman AS, Lin IC, et al. Trends in immediate breast reconstruction across insurance groups after enactment of breast cancer legislation. Cancer 2013;119:2462-8.
101. Xie Y, Tang Y, Wehby GL. Federal health coverage mandates and health care utilization: the case of the women's health and cancer rights act and use of breast reconstruction surgery. J Womens Health 2015;24:655-62.
102. Fijany AJ, Friedlich N, Olsson SE, Bishay AE, Pekarev M. Current trends in autologous breast reconstruction and the implications of impending changes to insurance reimbursement. Cureus 2023;15:e43855.
103. Song WJ, Kang SG, Kim EK, et al. Current status of and trends in post-mastectomy breast reconstruction in Korea. Arch Plast Surg 2020;47:118-25.
104. Ho D, Chan E, Izwan S, et al. Uptake of breast reconstruction following mastectomy: a gold coast experience. ANZ J Surg 2022;92:3011-6.
105. Unukovych D, Gümüscü R, Wärnberg F, et al. Breast reconstruction patterns from a Swedish nation-wide survey. Eur J Surg Oncol 2020;46:1867-73.
106. Bodilsen A, Christensen S, Christiansen P, Damsgaard TE, Zachariae R, Jensen AB. Socio-demographic, clinical, and health-related factors associated with breast reconstruction - a nationwide cohort study. Breast 2015;24:560-7.
107. Al-Ghazal SK, Sully L, Fallowfield L, Blamey RW. The psychological impact of immediate rather than delayed breast reconstruction. Eur J Surg Oncol 2000;26:17-9.
108. Wellisch DK, Schain WS, Noone RB, Little JW 3rd. Psychosocial correlates of immediate versus delayed reconstruction of the breast. Plast Reconstr Surg 1985;76:713-8.
109. Stevens LA, McGrath MH, Druss RG, Kister SJ, Gump FE, Forde KA. The psychological impact of immediate breast reconstruction for women with early breast cancer. Plast Reconstr Surg 1984;73:619-28.
110. Elkowitz A, Colen S, Slavin S, Seibert J, Weinstein M, Shaw W. Various methods of breast reconstruction after mastectomy: an economic comparison. Plast Reconstr Surg 1993;92:77-83.
111. Al-Ghazal SK, Fallowfield L, Blamey RW. Comparison of psychological aspects and patient satisfaction following breast conserving surgery, simple mastectomy and breast reconstruction. Eur J Cancer 2000;36:1938-43.
112. Khoo A, Kroll SS, Reece GP, et al. A comparison of resource costs of immediate and delayed breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;101:964-8; discussion 969.
113. Alderman AK, Wilkins EG, Kim HM, Lowery JC. Complications in postmastectomy breast reconstruction: two-year results of the Michigan breast reconstruction outcome study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;109:2265-74.
114. Saheb-Al-Zamani M, Cordeiro E, O'Neill AC, Hofer SOP, Cil TD, Zhong T. Early postoperative complications from national surgical quality improvement program: a closer examination of timing and technique of breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 2021;86:S159-64.
115. Prantl L, Moellhoff N, von Fritschen U, et al. Immediate versus secondary DIEP flap breast reconstruction: a multicenter outcome study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2020;302:1451-9.
116. Juhl AA, Christensen S, Zachariae R, Damsgaard TE. Unilateral breast reconstruction after mastectomy - patient satisfaction, aesthetic outcome and quality of life. Acta Oncol 2017;56:225-31.
117. Matar DY, Wu M, Haug V, Orgill DP, Panayi AC. Surgical complications in immediate and delayed breast reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2022;75:4085-95.
118. Kuhlefelt C, Repo JP, Jahkola T, Kauhanen S, Homsy P. Immediate versus delayed breast reconstruction: long-term follow-up on health-related quality of life and satisfaction with breasts. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2024;88:478-86.
119. Srinivasa DR, Garvey PB, Qi J, et al. Direct-to-implant versus two-stage tissue expander/implant reconstruction: 2-year risks and patient-reported outcomes from a prospective, multicenter study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;140:869-77.
120. Jonczyk MM, Jean J, Graham R, Chatterjee A. Surgical trends in breast cancer: a rise in novel operative treatment options over a 12 year analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019;173:267-74.
121. Quinn TT, Miller GS, Rostek M, Cabalag MS, Rozen WM, Hunter-Smith DJ. Prosthetic breast reconstruction: indications and update. Gland Surg 2016;5:174-86.
122. Svee A, Falk-Delgado A, Folkvaljon F, et al. Use of the cephalic vein in DIEP breast reconstruction does not increase risk of lymphedema of the ipsilateral arm. Plast Reconstr Surg 2023;151:195-201.
123. King ICC, Mellington AJ, Jones ME, Hazari A. Cephalic vein transposition in autologous breast reconstruction salvage: a review of outcomes and implications for patient care. Eur J Plast Surg 2018;41:671-6.
124. Siotos C, Sebai ME, Wan EL, et al. Breast reconstruction and risk of arm lymphedema development: a meta-analysis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2018;71:807-18.
125. Almailabi M, Daghistani M, Khan M. A comparison of developing breast cancer-related lymphedema between mastectomy with reconstruction and mastectomy alone among breast cancer patients in Saudi Arabia. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/sasj/fulltext/2019/07040/a_comparison_of_developing_breast_cancer_related.6.aspx [Last accessed on 14 Jun 2024].
126. Jeon HB, Jung JH, Im SH, et al. Association between immediate breast reconstruction and the development of breast cancer-related lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg 2023;151:214e-22e.
127. Taghioff SM, Slavin BR, Mehra S, et al. Post-mastectomy lymphedema in breast reconstruction: a multicenter 10-year temporal stratification. Plast Reconstr Surg 2022;10:5-6.
128. Clegg DJ, Whiteaker EN, Salomon BJ, et al. The development of breast cancer-related lymphedema after mastectomy in a rural population. Am Surg 2023;89:3591-3.
129. Park JH, Merriman J, Brody A, et al. Limb volume changes and activities of daily living: a prospective study. Lymphat Res Biol 2021;19:261-8.
130. Lee KT, Kim J, Jeon BJ, et al. Association of the breast reconstruction modality with the development of postmastectomy lymphedema: a long-term follow-up study. Eur J Surg Oncol 2023;49:1177-83.
131. Slavin BR, Taghioff SM, Mehra S, et al. P58. risk of post mastectomy lymphedema in autologous breast reconstruction: a multi-center 10-year analysis of 9,660 patients stratified by flap-type and timing of reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2022;10:76-7.
132. Zhang X, He X, Tang B, et al. Risk factors of lymphedema on affected side of upper limb after breast cancer surgery - report from a single center of China. Available from: http://www.ijcem.com/files/ijcem0040612.pdf [Last accessed on 11 May 2024].
133. Byun HK, Chang JS, Im SH, et al. Risk of lymphedema following contemporary treatment for breast cancer: an analysis of 7617 consecutive patients from a multidisciplinary perspective. Ann Surg 2021;274:170-8.
134. Lauritzen E, Bredgaard R, Bonde C, Jensen LT, Tvedskov T, Damsgaard TE. Indocyanine green angiography for autologous breast reconstruction: a prospective observational study. Ann Breast Surg 2023:8.
135. Laws A, Lagendijk M, Grossmith S, et al. Long-term patient-reported arm symptoms in breast cancer survivors. Ann Surg Oncol 2024;31:1623-33.
136. Aoishi Y, Oura S, Nishiguchi H, et al. Risk factors for breast cancer-related lymphedema: correlation with docetaxel administration. Breast Cancer 2020;27:929-37.
137. Fisher C, Jackson M, Ridings J, et al. Prospective phase II clinical trial of hypofractionated radiation in breast cancer patients undergoing comprehensive nodal irradiation for node positive disease. Int J Radiat Oncol 2019;105:S41-2.
138. Tan S, Pan L, Zhao H, Hu J, Chen H. Perioperative nursing for immediate breast reconstruction with deep inferior epigastric perforator flap after breast cancer resection. J Thorac Dis 2018;10:4017-22.
139. Wong CJ, Tay MRJ, Aw HZ. Prevalence and risk factors of adhesive capsulitis in asian breast cancer patients undergoing an outpatient community cancer rehabilitation program. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2021;102:843-8.
140. Asdourian MS, Swaroop MN, Sayegh HE, et al. Association between precautionary behaviors and breast cancer-related lymphedema in patients undergoing bilateral surgery. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:3934-41.
141. Lauritzen E, Bredgaard R, Laustsen-Kiel CM, Hansen L, Tvedskov T, Damsgaard TE. Indocyanine green angiography in oncoplastic breast surgery, a prospective study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2023;85:276-86.
142. Alba B, Schultz B, Qin LA, et al. Postoperative upper extremity function in implant and autologous breast reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg 2020;36:151-6.
143. Zang H, Bi Y, Mu L. [Progress of treatment and prevention of breast cancer related lymphedema]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2016;30:1567-70.
144. Lee KT, Bang SI, Pyon JK, Hwang JH, Mun GH. Method of breast reconstruction and the development of lymphoedema. Br J Surg 2017;104:230-7.
145. Gergich NL, Pfalzer LA, McGarvey C, Springer B, Gerber LH, Soballe P. Preoperative assessment enables the early diagnosis and successful treatment of lymphedema. Cancer 2008;112:2809-19.
146. Rafn BS, Bodilsen A, von Heymann A, et al. Examining the efficacy of treatments for arm lymphedema in breast cancer survivors: an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analyses. EClinicalMedicine 2024;67:102397.
147. De Vrieze T, Gebruers N, Nevelsteen I, et al. Manual lymphatic drainage with or without fluoroscopy guidance did not substantially improve the effect of decongestive lymphatic therapy in people with breast cancer-related lymphoedema (EFforT-BCRL trial): a multicentre randomised trial. J Physiother 2022;68:110-22.
148. De Vrieze T, Gebruers N, Nevelsteen I, et al. Does manual lymphatic drainage add value in reducing suprafascial fluid accumulation and skin elasticity in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema? Phys Ther 2022;102:pzac137.
149. Marotta N, Lippi L, Ammendolia V, et al. Efficacy of kinesio taping on upper limb volume reduction in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2023;59:237-47.
150. Hayes SC, Singh B, Reul-Hirche H, et al. The effect of exercise for the prevention and treatment of cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022;54:1389-99.
151. Shao Y, Zhong DS. Manual lymphatic drainage for breast cancer-related lymphoedema. Eur J Cancer Care 2017;26:e12517.
152. McNeely ML, Peddle CJ, Yurick JL, Dayes IS, Mackey JR. Conservative and dietary interventions for cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer 2011;117:1136-48.
153. Rangon FB, da Silva J, Dibai-Filho AV, Guirro RRJ, Guirro ECO. Effects of complex physical therapy and multimodal approaches on lymphedema secondary to breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022;103:353-63.
154. Rogan S, Taeymans J, Luginbuehl H, Aebi M, Mahnig S, Gebruers N. Therapy modalities to reduce lymphoedema in female breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016;159:1-14.
155. Smoot B, Chiavola-Larson L, Lee J, Manibusan H, Allen DD. Effect of low-level laser therapy on pain and swelling in women with breast cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cancer Surviv 2015;9:287-304.
156. Ezzo J, Manheimer E, McNeely ML, et al. Manual lymphatic drainage for lymphedema following breast cancer treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;2015:CD003475.
157. Qiao J, Yang LN, Kong YH, Huang X, Li Y, Bai DQ. Effect of manual lymphatic drainage on breast cancer-related postmastectomy lymphedema: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cancer Nurs 2023;46:159-66.
158. Chen HY, Tsai HH, Tam KW, Huang TW. Effects of photobiomodualtion therapy on breast cancer-related lymphoedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Complement Ther Med 2019;47:102200.
159. Gatt M, Willis S, Leuschner S. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness and safety of kinesiology taping in the management of cancer-related lymphoedema. Eur J Cancer Care 2017;26:e12510.
160. Yeung W, Semciw AI. Aquatic therapy for people with lymphedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lymphat Res Biol 2018;16:9-19.
161. Shamoun S, Ahmad M. Complete decongestive therapy effect on breast cancer related to lymphedema: a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023;24:2225-38.
162. O'Brien BM, Sykes P, Threlfall GN, Browning FS. Microlymphaticovenous anastomoses for obstructive lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg 1977;60:197-211.
163. Gennaro P, Gabriele G, Mihara M, et al. Supramicrosurgical lymphatico-venular anastomosis (LVA) in treating lymphoedema: 36-months preliminary report. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2016;20:4642-53.
164. Kim HO, Woo KJ, Kim BS, Kang SY, Moon BS, Yoon HJ. Lymphoscintigraphic findings as indicators of lymphaticovenous anastomosis outcome in patients with extremity lymphedema: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Nucl Med 2021;46:549-55.
165. Khan AA, Hernan I, Adamthwaite JA, Ramsey KWD. Feasibility study of combined dynamic imaging and lymphaticovenous anastomosis surgery for breast cancer-related lymphoedema. Br J Surg 2019;106:100-10.
166. Damstra RJ, Voesten HG, van Schelven WD, van der Lei B. Lymphatic venous anastomosis (LVA) for treatment of secondary arm lymphedema. A prospective study of 11 LVA procedures in 10 patients with breast cancer related lymphedema and a critical review of the literature. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009;113:199-206.
167. Chang DW. Lymphaticovenular bypass for lymphedema management in breast cancer patients: a prospective study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010;126:752-8.
168. Weiss M, Baumeister RG, Frick A, Wallmichrath J, Bartenstein P, Rominger A. Lymphedema of the upper limb: evaluation of the functional outcome by dynamic imaging of lymph kinetics after autologous lymph vessel transplantation. Clin Nucl Med 2015;40:e117-23.
169. Meuli JN, Guiotto M, Elmers J, Mazzolai L, di Summa PG. Outcomes after microsurgical treatment of lymphedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg 2023;109:1360-72.
170. Deban M, McKinnon JG, Temple-Oberle C. Mitigating breast-cancer-related lymphedema-a calgary program for immediate lymphatic reconstruction (ILR). Curr Oncol 2023;30:1546-59.
171. Boccardo F, Casabona F, De Cian F, et al. Lymphatic microsurgical preventing healing approach (LYMPHA) for primary surgical prevention of breast cancer-related lymphedema: over 4 years follow-up. Microsurgery 2014;34:421-4.
172. Feldman S, Bansil H, Ascherman J, et al. Single Institution experience with lymphatic microsurgical preventive healing approach (LYMPHA) for the primary prevention of lymphedema. Ann Surg Oncol 2015;22:3296-301.
173. Wainwright D, Weinstein B, Le NK, Parikh J, Panetta NJ. Reliable location of upper extremity lymphatic channels for use in immediate lymphatic reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 2023;90:S391-4.
174. Le NK, Weinstein B, Serraneau K, Tavares T, Laronga C, Panetta N. The learning curve: trends in the first 100 immediate lymphatic reconstructions performed at a single institution. Ann Plast Surg 2021;86:S495-7.
175. Schwarz GS, Grobmyer SR, Djohan RS, et al. Axillary reverse mapping and lymphaticovenous bypass: lymphedema prevention through enhanced lymphatic visualization and restoration of flow. J Surg Oncol 2019;120:160-7.
176. Johnson AR, Fleishman A, Tran BNN, et al. Developing a lymphatic surgery program: a first-year review. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019;144:975e-85e.
177. Jørgensen MG, Toyserkani NM, Sørensen JA. The effect of prophylactic lymphovenous anastomosis and shunts for preventing cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Microsurgery 2018;38:576-85.
178. Levy AS, Murphy AI, Ishtihar S, et al. Lymphatic microsurgical preventive healing approach for the primary prevention of lymphedema: a 4-year follow-up. Plast Reconstr Surg 2023;151:413-20.
179. Clodius L, Smith PJ, Bruna J, Serafin D. The lymphatics of the groin flap. Ann Plast Surg 1982;9:447-58.
180. Becker C, Assouad J, Riquet M, Hidden G. Postmastectomy lymphedema: long-term results following microsurgical lymph node transplantation. Ann Surg 2006;243:313-5.
181. Nakajima E, Nakajima R, Tsukamoto S, Koide Y, Yarita T, Kato H. Omental transposition for lymphedema after a breast cancer resection: report of a case. Surg Today 2006;36:175-9.
182. Jarvis NR, Torres RA, Avila FR, Forte AJ, Rebecca AM, Teven CM. Vascularized omental lymphatic transplant for upper extremity lymphedema: A systematic review. Cancer Rep 2021;4:e1370.
183. Skladman R, Moritz WR, Tenenbaum EJ, Christensen JM, Sacks JM. Vascularized omental tissue transfer for the treatment of lymphedema: a review. Plast Aesthet Res 2023;10:66.
184. Vignes S, Blanchard M, Yannoutsos A, Arrault M. Complications of autologous lymph-node transplantation for limb lymphoedema. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2013;45:516-20.
185. Pons G, Masia J, Loschi P, Nardulli ML, Duch J. A case of donor-site lymphoedema after lymph node-superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap transfer. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2014;67:119-23.
186. Teven CM, Yi J, Hammond JB, et al. Expanding the horizon: single-port robotic vascularized omentum lymphatic transplant. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2021;9:e3414.
187. Shimbo K, Kawamoto H, Koshima I. Comparative study of conservative treatment and lymphaticovenular anastomosis with compression therapy for early-stage breast cancer-related lymphoedema. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2024;88:390-6.
188. Ciudad P, Bolletta A, Kaciulyte J, et al. The breast cancer-related lymphedema multidisciplinary approach: Algorithm for conservative and multimodal surgical treatment. Microsurgery 2023;43:427-36.
189. Brorson H, Svensson H. Complete reduction of lymphoedema of the arm by liposuction after breast cancer. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 1997;31:137-43.
190. Damstra RJ, Voesten HG, Klinkert P, Brorson H. Circumferential suction-assisted lipectomy for lymphoedema after surgery for breast cancer. Br J Surg 2009;96:859-64.
191. Chiang SN, Skolnick GB, Sacks JM, Christensen JM. Complication profile of combined microvascular breast reconstruction combined with vascularised lymph node transplant. Available from: https://profiles.wustl.edu/en/publications/complication-profile-of-combined-microvascular-breast-reconstruct [Last accessed on 22 May 2024].
192. Chang EI, Ibrahim A, Liu J, et al. Optimizing quality of life for patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema: a prospective study combining DIEP flap breast reconstruction and lymphedema surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2020;145:676e-85e.
193. Hamdi M, Ramaut L, De Baerdemaeker R, Zeltzer A. Decreasing donor site morbidity after groin vascularized lymph node transfer with lessons learned from a 12-year experience and review of the literature. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2021;74:540-8.
194. Di Taranto G, Coleman GJ, Hardwicke J, Wallis KL, Skillman J. A comparative study between deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap breast reconstruction and DIEP flap breast reconstruction coupled with vascularized lymph node transfer: improving the quality of life of patients with breast cancer related lymphedema without affecting donor site outcomes. Microsurgery 2023;43:213-21.
