REFERENCES
1. Murphy RNA, de Schoulepnikoff C, Chen JHC, et al. The incidence and management of peripheral nerve injury in England (2005-2020). J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2023;80:75-85.
2. Karsy M, Watkins R, Jensen MR, Guan J, Brock AA, Mahan MA. Trends and cost analysis of upper extremity nerve injury using the national (nationwide) inpatient sample. World Neurosurg. 2019;123:e488-500.
3. Navarro X, Vivó M, Valero-Cabré A. Neural plasticity after peripheral nerve injury and regeneration. Prog Neurobiol. 2007;82:163-201.
4. Mizisin AP, Weerasuriya A. Homeostatic regulation of the endoneurial microenvironment during development, aging and in response to trauma, disease and toxic insult. Acta Neuropathol. 2011;121:291-312.
5. Peltonen S, Alanne M, Peltonen J. Barriers of the peripheral nerve. Tissue Barriers. 2013;1:e24956.
6. Mafi P, Hindocha S, Dhital M, Saleh M. Advances of peripheral nerve repair techniques to improve hand function: a systematic review of literature. Open Orthop J. 2012;6:60-8.
7. Sánchez-Ocando M, Gavilán J, Penarrocha J, et al. Facial nerve repair: the impact of technical variations on the final outcome. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;276:3301-8.
9. Sunderland S. The function of nerve fibers whose structure has been disorganized. Anat Rec. 1951;109:503-13.
10. Conforti L, Gilley J, Coleman MP. Wallerian degeneration: an emerging axon death pathway linking injury and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014;15:394-409.
11. Gaudet AD, Popovich PG, Ramer MS. Wallerian degeneration: gaining perspective on inflammatory events after peripheral nerve injury. J Neuroinflammation. 2011;8:110.
12. Sulaiman W, Gordon T. Neurobiology of peripheral nerve injury, regeneration, and functional recovery: from bench top research to bedside application. Ochsner J. 2013;13:100-8.
13. Xie Y, Schneider KJ, Ali SA, Hogikyan ND, Feldman EL, Brenner MJ. Current landscape in motoneuron regeneration and reconstruction for motor cranial nerve injuries. Neural Regen Res. 2020;15:1639-49.
14. Pfister BJ, Gordon T, Loverde JR, Kochar AS, Mackinnon SE, Cullen DK. Biomedical engineering strategies for peripheral nerve repair: surgical applications, state of the art, and future challenges. Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2011;39:81-124.
15. Sulaiman OA, Gordon T. Role of chronic Schwann cell denervation in poor functional recovery after nerve injuries and experimental strategies to combat it. Neurosurgery. 2009;65:A105-14.
16. Weyh A, Pucci R, Valentini V, Fernandes R, Salman S. Injuries of the peripheral mandibular nerve, evaluation of interventions and outcomes: a systematic review. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. 2021;14:337-48.
17. Miyamoto Y. Experimental study of results of nerve suture under tension vs. nerve grafting. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1979;64:540-9.
18. Smith KG, Robinson PP. An experimental study of three methods of lingual nerve defect repair. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995;53:1052-62.
19. Humphrey CD, Kriet JD. Nerve repair and cable grafting for facial paralysis. Facial Plast Surg. 2008;24:170-6.
20. Spector JG, Lee P, Peterein J, Roufa D. Facial nerve regeneration through autologous nerve grafts: a clinical and experimental study. Laryngoscope. 1991;101:537-54.
21. Yarbrough WG, Brownlee RE, Pillsbury HC. Primary anastomosis of extensive facial nerve defects: an anatomic study. Am J Otol. 1993;14:238-46.
22. Lans J, Eberlin KR, Evans PJ, Mercer D, Greenberg JA, Styron JF. A systematic review and meta-analysis of nerve gap repair: comparative effectiveness of allografts, autografts, and conduits. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2023;151:814e-27e.
23. Ray WZ, Mackinnon SE. Management of nerve gaps: autografts, allografts, nerve transfers, and end-to-side neurorrhaphy. Exp Neurol. 2010;223:77-85.
24. Morgan SD, Zuniga JR. Nerve grafting in head and neck reconstruction. Facial Plast Surg. 2020;36:737-45.
25. Safa B, Buncke G. Autograft substitutes: conduits and processed nerve allografts. Hand Clin. 2016;32:127-40.
26. Scholz T, Krichevsky A, Sumarto A, et al. Peripheral nerve injuries: an international survey of current treatments and future perspectives. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2009;25:339-44.
27. Kehoe S, Zhang XF, Boyd D. FDA approved guidance conduits and wraps for peripheral nerve injury: a review of materials and efficacy. Injury. 2012;43:553-72.
28. Ashley WW Jr, Weatherly T, Park TS. Collagen nerve guides for surgical repair of brachial plexus birth injury. J Neurosurg. 2006;105:452-6.
29. Kokkalis ZT, Pu C, Small GA, Weiser RW, Venouziou AI, Sotereanos DG. Assessment of processed porcine extracellular matrix as a protective barrier in a rabbit nerve wrap model. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2011;27:19-28.
30. Li ST, Archibald SJ, Krarup C, Madison RD. Peripheral nerve repair with collagen conduits. Clin Mater. 1992;9:195-200.
31. Marcol W, Larysz-Brysz M, Kucharska M, et al. Reduction of post-traumatic neuroma and epineural scar formation in rat sciatic nerve by application of microcrystallic chitosan. Microsurgery. 2011;31:642-9.
32. Bertleff MJ, Meek MF, Nicolai JP. A prospective clinical evaluation of biodegradable neurolac nerve guides for sensory nerve repair in the hand. J Hand Surg Am. 2005;30:513-8.
33. Nakamura Y, Takanari K, Ebisawa K, Kanbe M, Nakamura R, Kamei Y. Repair of temporal branch of the facial nerve with novel polyglycolic acid-collagen tube: a case report of two cases. Nagoya J Med Sci. 2020;82:123-8.
34. Weber RA, Breidenbach WC, Brown RE, Jabaley ME, Mass DP. A randomized prospective study of polyglycolic acid conduits for digital nerve reconstruction in humans. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;106:1036-45; discussion 1046.
35. Safa B, Jain S, Desai MJ, et al. Peripheral nerve repair throughout the body with processed nerve allografts: results from a large multicenter study. Microsurgery. 2020;40:527-37.
36. Bathina S, Das UN. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its clinical implications. Arch Med Sci. 2015;11:1164-78.
37. Eggers R, Tannemaat MR, Ehlert EM, Verhaagen J. A spatio-temporal analysis of motoneuron survival, axonal regeneration and neurotrophic factor expression after lumbar ventral root avulsion and implantation. Exp Neurol. 2010;223:207-20.
38. Lin G, Zhang H, Sun F, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor promotes nerve regeneration by activating the JAK/STAT pathway in Schwann cells. Transl Androl Urol. 2016;5:167-75.
39. Shi ZL, Fan ZY, Zhang H, Li ST, Yuan H, Tong JH. Localized delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from PLGA microspheres promotes peripheral nerve regeneration in rats. J Orthop Surg Res. 2022;17:172.
40. Song XY, Li F, Zhang FH, Zhong JH, Zhou XF. Peripherally-derived BDNF promotes regeneration of ascending sensory neurons after spinal cord injury. PLoS One. 2008;3:e1707.
41. Keswani SC, Buldanlioglu U, Fischer A, et al. A novel endogenous erythropoietin mediated pathway prevents axonal degeneration. Ann Neurol. 2004;56:815-26.
42. Lee JI, Hur JM, You J, Lee DH. Functional recovery with histomorphometric analysis of nerves and muscles after combination treatment with erythropoietin and dexamethasone in acute peripheral nerve injury. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0238208.
43. Zhang W, Gao Y, Zhou Y, et al. Localized and sustained delivery of erythropoietin from PLGA microspheres promotes functional recovery and nerve regeneration in peripheral nerve injury. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:478103.
44. Tardiolo G, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Overview on the effects of N-Acetylcysteine in neurodegenerative diseases. Molecules. 2018;23:3305.
45. Welin D, Novikova LN, Wiberg M, Kellerth JO, Novikov LN. Effects of N-acetyl-cysteine on the survival and regeneration of sural sensory neurons in adult rats. Brain Res. 2009;1287:58-66.
46. Rivera A, Raymond M, Grobman A, Abouyared M, Angeli SI. The effect of n-acetyl-cysteine on recovery of the facial nerve after crush injury. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol. 2017;2:109-12.
47. Bolandghamat S, Behnam-Rassouli M. Recent findings on the effects of pharmacological agents on the nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2020;18:1154-63.
48. Jessen KR, Mirsky R. The repair Schwann cell and its function in regenerating nerves. J Physiol. 2016;594:3521-31.
49. Arthur-Farraj PJ, Latouche M, Wilton DK, et al. c-Jun reprograms Schwann cells of injured nerves to generate a repair cell essential for regeneration. Neuron. 2012;75:633-47.
50. Hadlock TA, Sundback CA, Hunter DA, Vacanti JP, Cheney ML. A new artificial nerve graft containing rolled Schwann cell monolayers. Microsurgery. 2001;21:96-101.
51. Takeya H, Itai S, Kimura H, et al. Schwann cell-encapsulated chitosan-collagen hydrogel nerve conduit promotes peripheral nerve regeneration in rodent sciatic nerve defect models. Sci Rep. 2023;13:11932.
52. Chen CJ, Ou YC, Liao SL, et al. Transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells for peripheral nerve repair. Exp Neurol. 2007;204:443-53.
53. Li Z, Zhao T, Ding J, et al. A reactive oxygen species-responsive hydrogel encapsulated with bone marrow derived stem cells promotes repair and regeneration of spinal cord injury. Bioact Mater. 2023;19:550-68.
54. Yang Z, Yang Y, Xu Y, et al. Biomimetic nerve guidance conduit containing engineered exosomes of adipose-derived stem cells promotes peripheral nerve regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021;12:442.
55. Yi S, Zhang Y, Gu X, et al. Application of stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration. Burns Trauma. 2020;8:tkaa002.
56. Onode E, Uemura T, Takamatsu K, et al. Bioabsorbable nerve conduits three-dimensionally coated with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem/progenitor cells promote peripheral nerve regeneration in rats. Sci Rep. 2021;11:4204.
57. Pan HC, Yang DY, Chiu YT, et al. Enhanced regeneration in injured sciatic nerve by human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell. J Clin Neurosci. 2006;13:570-5.
58. McKenzie IA, Biernaskie J, Toma JG, Midha R, Miller FD. Skin-derived precursors generate myelinating Schwann cells for the injured and dysmyelinated nervous system. J Neurosci. 2006;26:6651-60.
59. Rai V, Moellmer R, Agrawal DK. Stem cells and angiogenesis: implications and limitations in enhancing chronic diabetic foot ulcer healing. Cells. 2022;11:2287.
60. Haastert K, Lipokatic E, Fischer M, Timmer M, Grothe C. Differentially promoted peripheral nerve regeneration by grafted Schwann cells over-expressing different FGF-2 isoforms. Neurobiol Dis. 2006;21:138-53.
61. Hoyng SA, De Winter F, Gnavi S, et al. A comparative morphological, electrophysiological and functional analysis of axon regeneration through peripheral nerve autografts genetically modified to overexpress BDNF, CNTF, GDNF, NGF, NT3 or VEGF. Exp Neurol. 2014;261:578-93.
62. Shen W, Liu S, Ou L. rAAV immunogenicity, toxicity, and durability in 255 clinical trials: a meta-analysis. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1001263.
63. Kanter J, Thompson AA, Pierciey FJ Jr, et al. Lovo-cel gene therapy for sickle cell disease: treatment process evolution and outcomes in the initial groups of the HGB-206 study. Am J Hematol. 2023;98:11-22.
66. Foecking EM, Fargo KN, Coughlin LM, Kim JT, Marzo SJ, Jones KJ. Single session of brief electrical stimulation immediately following crush injury enhances functional recovery of rat facial nerve. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2012;49:451-8.
67. Huang J, Lu L, Hu X, et al. Electrical stimulation accelerates motor functional recovery in the rat model of 15-mm sciatic nerve gap bridged by scaffolds with longitudinally oriented microchannels. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010;24:736-45.
68. Vivó M, Puigdemasa A, Casals L, Asensio E, Udina E, Navarro X. Immediate electrical stimulation enhances regeneration and reinnervation and modulates spinal plastic changes after sciatic nerve injury and repair. Exp Neurol. 2008;211:180-93.
69. Ahlborn P, Schachner M, Irintchev A. One hour electrical stimulation accelerates functional recovery after femoral nerve repair. Exp Neurol. 2007;208:137-44.
70. English AW, Schwartz G, Meador W, Sabatier MJ, Mulligan A. Electrical stimulation promotes peripheral axon regeneration by enhanced neuronal neurotrophin signaling. Dev Neurobiol. 2007;67:158-72.
71. Yan X, Liu J, Ye Z, et al. CaMKII-mediated CREB phosphorylation is involved in Ca2+-induced BDNF mRNA transcription and neurite outgrowth promoted by electrical stimulation. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0162784.
72. Gordon T, Amirjani N, Edwards DC, Chan KM. Brief post-surgical electrical stimulation accelerates axon regeneration and muscle reinnervation without affecting the functional measures in carpal tunnel syndrome patients. Exp Neurol. 2010;223:192-202.
73. Wong JN, Olson JL, Morhart MJ, Chan KM. Electrical stimulation enhances sensory recovery: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Neurol. 2015;77:996-1006.
74. O’Dell MW, Dunning K, Kluding P, et al. Response and prediction of improvement in gait speed from functional electrical stimulation in persons with poststroke drop foot. PM R. 2014;6:587-601; quiz 601.
75. Lyons CL, Robb JB, Irrgang JJ, Fitzgerald GK. Differences in quadriceps femoris muscle torque when using a clinical electrical stimulator versus a portable electrical stimulator. Phys Ther. 2005;85:44-51.
76. Shin SR, Li YC, Jang HL, et al. Graphene-based materials for tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2016;105:255-74.
77. Aleemardani M, Zare P, Seifalian A, Bagher Z, Seifalian AM. Graphene-based materials prove to be a promising candidate for nerve regeneration following peripheral nerve injury. Biomedicines. 2021;10:73.
78. Lu S, Chen W, Wang J, et al. Polydopamine-decorated PLCL conduit to induce synergetic effect of electrical stimulation and topological morphology for peripheral nerve regeneration. Small Methods. 2023;7:e2200883.
79. Andrews JPM, Joshi SS, Tzolos E, et al. First-in-human controlled inhalation of thin graphene oxide nanosheets to study acute cardiorespiratory responses. Nat Nanotechnol. 2024;19:705-14.
80. Coulson SE, O’dwyer NJ, Adams RD, Croxson GR. Expression of emotion and quality of life after facial nerve paralysis. Otol Neurotol. 2004;25:1014-9.
81. Nellis JC, Ishii M, Byrne PJ, Boahene KDO, Dey JK, Ishii LE. Association among facial paralysis, depression, and quality of life in facial plastic surgery patients. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2017;19:190-6.
82. Gaudin R, Knipfer C, Henningsen A, Smeets R, Heiland M, Hadlock T. Approaches to peripheral nerve repair: generations of biomaterial conduits yielding to replacing autologous nerve grafts in craniomaxillofacial surgery. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:3856262.
83. Li L, Fan Z, Wang H, Han Y. Efficacy of surgical repair for the functional restoration of injured facial nerve. BMC Surg. 2021;21:32.
84. Lee MC, Kim DH, Jeon YR, et al. Functional outcomes of multiple sural nerve grafts for facial nerve defects after tumor-ablative surgery. Arch Plast Surg. 2015;42:461-8.
85. Nichols CM, Brenner MJ, Fox IK, et al. Effects of motor versus sensory nerve grafts on peripheral nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol. 2004;190:347-55.
86. Ali SA, Rosko AJ, Hanks JE, et al. Effect of motor versus sensory nerve autografts on regeneration and functional outcomes of rat facial nerve reconstruction. Sci Rep. 2019;9:8353.
87. Papadopoulou E, Sapalidis K, Triaridis S, Printza A. The role of primary repair of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid/parathyroid surgery in vocal outcomes - a systematic review. J Clin Med. 2023;12:1212.
88. Simó R, Nixon IJ, Rovira A, et al. Immediate intraoperative repair of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery. Laryngoscope. 2021;131:1429-35.
89. Lorenz RR, Esclamado RM, Teker AM, et al. Ansa cervicalis-to-recurrent laryngeal nerve anastomosis for unilateral vocal fold paralysis: experience of a single institution. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2008;117:40-5.
90. Bakkar S, Chorti A, Papavramidis T. Immediate repair of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery via a tension-free end-to-side anastomosis with the Vagus. Updates Surg. 2025.
91. Wang B, Yuan J, Chen X, Xu J, Li Y, Dong P. Functional regeneration of the transected recurrent laryngeal nerve using a collagen scaffold loaded with laminin and laminin-binding BDNF and GDNF. Sci Rep. 2016;6:32292.
92. Kuriakose MA, Loree TR, Spies A, Meyers S, Hicks WL Jr. Sensate radial forearm free flaps in tongue reconstruction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;127:1463-6.
93. Kalbermatten DF, Wettstein R, vonKanel O, et al. Sensate lateral arm flap for defects of the lower leg. Ann Plast Surg. 2008;61:40-6.
94. Garcia MM, Christopher NA, De Luca F, Spilotros M, Ralph DJ. Overall satisfaction, sexual function, and the durability of neophallus dimensions following staged female to male genital gender confirming surgery: the Institute of Urology, London U.K. experience. Transl Androl Urol. 2014;3:156-62.
95. Bubberman JM, Van Rooij JAF, Van der Hulst RRWJ, Tuinder SMH. Sensory recovery and the role of innervated flaps in autologous breast reconstruction-a narrative review. Gland Surg. 2023;12:1094-109.
96. Shindo ML, Sinha UK, Rice DH. Sensory recovery in noninnervated free flaps for head and neck reconstruction. Laryngoscope. 1995;105:1290-3.
97. Lvoff G, O’Brien CJ, Cope C, Lee KK. Sensory recovery in noninnervated radial forearm free flaps in oral and oropharyngeal reconstruction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;124:1206-8.
98. Ayhan Oral M, Zeynep Sevim K, Görgü M, Yücel Öztan H. Sensory recovery with innervated and noninnervated flaps after total lower lip reconstruction: a comparative study. Plast Surg Int. 2013;2013:643061.
