REFERENCES
1. Janis JE, Kwon RK, Attinger CE. The new reconstructive ladder: modifications to the traditional model. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;127 Suppl 1:205S-12S.
2. Scalea TM, DuBose J, Moore EE, et al. Western trauma association critical decisions in trauma: management of the mangled extremity. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012;72:86-93.
3. Bosse MJ, MacKenzie EJ, Kellam JF, et al. An analysis of outcomes of reconstruction or amputation after leg-threatening injuries. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1924-31.
4. Azoury SC, Stranix JT, Kovach SJ, Levin LS. Principles of orthoplastic surgery for lower extremity reconstruction: why is this important? J Reconstr Microsurg 2021;37:42-50.
5. Boriani F, Ul Haq A, Baldini T, et al. Orthoplastic surgical collaboration is required to optimise the treatment of severe limb injuries: a multi-centre, prospective cohort study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2017;70:715-22.
6. Sommar P, Granberg Y, Halle M, et al. Effects of a formalized collaboration between plastic and orthopedic surgeons in severe extremity trauma patients; a retrospective study. J Trauma Manag Outcomes 2015;9:3.
7. Gans I, Baldwin KD, Levin LS, et al. A Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal and Vascular Trauma Protocol in a Children’s Hospital May Improve Treatment Response Times and Appropriate Microvascular Coverage. J Orthop Trauma 2015;29:239-44.
8. Khouri RK, Shaw WW. Reconstruction of the lower extremity with microvascular free flaps: a 10-year experience with 304 consecutive cases. J Trauma 1989;29:1086-94.
9. Yazar S, Lin CH. Selection of recipient vessel in traumatic lower extremity. J Reconstr Microsurg 2012;28:199-204.
10. Ducic I, Rao SS, Attinger CE. Outcomes of microvascular reconstruction of single-vessel lower extremities: limb salvage versus amputation. J Reconstr Microsurg 2009;25:475-8.
11. Ricci JA, Abdou SA, Stranix JT, et al. Reconstruction of gustilo type IIIC Injuries of the lower extremity. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019;144:982-7.
12. Arnež ZM, Papa G, Ramella V, et al. Limb and flap salvage in gustilo IIIC injuries treated by vascular repair and emergency free flap transfer. J Reconstr Microsurg 2017;33:S03-7.
13. Stranix JT, Lee ZH, Jacoby A, et al. Not all gustilo type IIIB fractures are created equal: arterial injury impacts limb salvage outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;140:1033-41.
15. Anandasivam NS, Russo GS, Swallow MS, et al. Tibial shaft fracture: a large-scale study defining the injured population and associated injuries. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2017;8:225-31.
16. Court-Brown CM, McBirnie J. “The epidemiology of tibial fractures,” J Bone Joint Surg Br 1995;77:417-2.
17. Crowe CS, Luan A, Lee GK. Hospital transfer of open tibial fractures requiring microsurgical reconstruction negatively impacts clinical outcomes. Ann Plast Surg 2017;78:S180-4.
18. Hsu CS, Hellinger JC, Rubin GD, Chang J. CT angiography in pediatric extremity trauma: preoperative evaluation prior to reconstructive surgery. Hand (N Y) 2008;3:139-45.
19. Carney MJ, Samra F, Momeni A, Bauder AR, Weissler JM, Kovach SJ. Anastomotic technique and preoperative imaging in microsurgical lower-extremity reconstruction: A Single-Surgeon Experience. Ann Plast Surg 2020;84:425-30.
20. Gottlieb LJ, Krieger LM. From the reconstructive ladder to the reconstructive elevator. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994;93:1503-4.
21. Park S, Han SH, Lee TJ. Algorithm for recipient vessel selection in free tissue transfer to the lower extremity. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;103:1937-48.
22. Chen HC, Chuang CC, Chen S, Hsu WM, Wei FC. Selection of recipient vessels for free flaps to the distal leg and foot following trauma. Microsurgery 1994;15:358-63.
23. Broer PN, Moellhoff N, Mayer JM, et al. Comparison of outcomes of end-to-end versus end-to-side anastomoses in lower extremity free flap reconstructions. J Reconstr Microsurg 2020;36:432-7.
24. Ahmadi I, Herle P, Miller G, et al. End-to-end versus end-to-side microvascular anastomosis: a meta-analysis of free flap outcomes. J Reconstr Microsurg 2017;33:402-11.
25. Albertengo JB, Rodriguez A, Buncke HJ, Hall EJ. A comparative study of flap survival rates in end-to-end and end-to-side microvascular anastomosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1981;67:194-9.
26. Hsieh Y, Lee C, Kwon S, Chang TN. Chang’s technique of sequential end-to-side microvascular anastomosis. IMJ 2017; doi: 10.24983/scitemed.imj.2017.00021.
27. Tan BK, Wong CH, Chew W, Hong SW. Use of the slit arteriotomy for end-to-side arterial anastomosis in free-tissue transfers to the extremities. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009;62:1519-23.
28. Sen C, Agir H, Iscen D. Simple and reliable procedure for end-to-side microvascular anastomosis: the diamond technique. Microsurgery 2006;26:160-4.
29. Soutar D, Scheker L, Tanner N, Mcgregor I. The radial forearm flap: a versatile method for intra-oral reconstruction. Br J Plast Surg 1983;36:1-8.
30. Foucher G, van Genechten F, Merle DM, Michon DJ. A compound radial artery forearm flap in hand surgery: an original modification of the Chinese forearm flap. Br J Plast Surg 1984;37:139-48.
31. Lin CH, Mardini S, Lin YT, et al. Sixty-five clinical cases of free tissue transfer using long arteriovenous fistulas or vein grafts. J Trauma 2004;56:1107-17.
32. Knackstedt R, Aliotta R, Gatherwright J, et al. Single-stage versus two-stage arteriovenous loop microsurgical reconstruction: a meta-analysis of the literature. Microsurgery 2018;38:706-17.
33. Cavadas PC. Arteriovenous vascular loops in free flap reconstruction of the extremities. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;121:514-20.
34. Momeni A, Lanni MA, Levin LS, Kovach SJ. Does the use of arteriovenous loops increase complications rates in posttraumatic microsurgical lower extremity reconstruction? Microsurgery 2018;38:605-10.
35. Albäck A, Kantonen I, Ihlberg L, Lepäntalo M. Valvulotomy of non-reversed saphenous vein bypass grafts: a randomised, blinded, angioscopy-controlled study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1999;18:144-8.
36. Hong JP, Pak CJ, Suh HP. Supermicrosurgery in lower extremity reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg 2021;48:299-306.
37. Hong JPJ, Song S, Suh HSP. Supermicrosurgery: principles and applications. J Surg Oncol 2018;118:832-9.
38. Hong JP. The use of supermicrosurgery in lower extremity reconstruction: the next step in evolution. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009;123:230-5.
39. Hong JP, Koshima I. Using perforators as recipient vessels (supermicrosurgery) for free flap reconstruction of the knee region. Ann Plast Surg 2010;64:291-3.
40. Manrique OJ, Bishop SN, Ciudad P, et al. Lower extremity limb salvage with cross leg pedicle flap, cross leg free flap, and cross leg vascular cable bridge flap. J Reconstr Microsurg 2018;34:522-9.
