REFERENCES
1. Moyer JS, Chepeha DB, Teknos TN. Contemporary skull base reconstruction. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;12:294-9.
2. Weber SM, Kim JH, Wax MK. Role of free tissue transfer in skull base reconstruction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007;136:914-9.
3. Teknos TN, Smith JC, Day TA, Netterville JL, Burkey BB. Microvascular free tissue transfer in reconstructing skull base defects: lessons learned. Laryngoscope 2002;112:1871-6.
4. Reyes C, Mason E, Solares CA. Panorama of reconstruction of skull base defects: from traditional open to endonasal endoscopic approaches, from free grafts to microvascular flaps. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014;18:S179-86.
5. Kang SY, Eskander A, Hachem RA, et al. Salvage skull base reconstruction in the endoscopic era: Vastus lateralis free tissue transfer. Head Neck 2018;40:E45-52.
6. Kwon D, Iloreta A, Miles B, Inman J. Open anterior skull base reconstruction: a contemporary review. Semin Plast Surg 2017;31:189-96.
7. Chepeha DB, Wang SJ, Marentette LJ, Thompson BG, Prince ME, Teknos TN. Radial forearm free tissue transfer reduces complications in salvage skull base surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;131:958-63.
8. Ein L, Sargi Z, Nicolli EA. Update on anterior skull base reconstruction. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019;27:426-30.
9. Wang W, Vincent A, Sokoya M, Kohlert S, Kadakia S, Ducic Y. Free-flap reconstruction of skull base and orbital defects. Semin Plast Surg 2019;33:72-7.
10. Chapchay K, Weinberger J, Eliashar R, Adler N. Anterior skull base reconstruction following ablative surgery for osteoradionecrosis: case report and review of literature. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2019;128:1134-40.
11. Bell EB, Cohen ER, Sargi Z, Leibowitz J. Free tissue reconstruction of the anterior skull base: a review. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020;6:132-6.
12. Vargo JD, Przylecki W, Camarata PJ, Andrews BT. Classification and microvascular flap selection for anterior cranial fossa reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg 2018;34:590-600.
13. Lal D, Cain RB. Updates in reconstruction of skull base defects. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014;22:419-28.
14. Hachem RA, Elkhatib A, Beer-Furlan A, Prevedello D, Carrau R. Reconstructive techniques in skull base surgery after resection of malignant lesions: a wide array of choices. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016;24:91-7.
15. Llorente JL, Lopez F, Camporro D, et al. Outcomes following microvascular free tissue transfer in reconstructing skull base defects. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2013;74:324-30.
16. Snyderman CH, Janecka IP, Sekhar LN, Sen CN, Eibling DE. Anterior cranial base reconstruction: role of galeal and pericranial flaps. Laryngoscope 1990;100:607-14.
17. Yeo IS, Kim SH, Park MC, Lim H, Kim JH, Lee IJ. Successful reconstruction of irradiated anterior skull base defect using the dual flap technique involving local pericranial flap and radial forearm free flap. J Craniofac Surg 2014;25:1376-8.
18. Califano J, Cordeiro PG, Disa JJ, et al. Anterior cranial base reconstruction using free tissue transfer: changing trends. Head Neck 2003;25:89-96.
19. Chang BA, Ryan Hall S, Howard BE, et al. Submental flap for reconstruction of anterior skull base, orbital, and high facial defects. Am J Otolaryngol 2019;40:218-23.
20. Ferrari M, Vural A, Schreiber A, et al. Side-door temporoparietal fascia flap: a novel strategy for anterior skull base reconstruction. World Neurosurg 2019;126:e360-70.
21. Chang DW, Langstein HN, Gupta A, et al. Reconstructive management of cranial base defects after tumor ablation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;107:1346-55; discussion 1356.
22. Neligan PC, Mulholland S, Irish J, et al. Flap selection in cranial base reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 1996;98:1159-66; discussion 1167.
23. Reyes C, Solares CA, Fritz MA, Groves M, Bentley H. Fascia lata free flap anastomosed to the superior trochlear system for reconstruction of the anterior skull base. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2017;78:393-8.
24. Badhey A, Haidar Y, Genden E. Soft tissue microvascular reconstruction of orbital exenteration defects. Semin Plast Surg 2019;33:125-31.
25. Chepeha DB, Wang SJ, Marentette LJ, et al. Restoration of the orbital aesthetic subunit in complex midface defects. Laryngoscope 2004;114:1706-13.
26. Rabey N, Abood A, Gillespie P, Athanassoglou V, Rene C, Malata CM. Reconstruction of complex orbital exenteration defects: a single center's experience with a five-year follow-up. Ann Plast Surg 2014;73:158-63.
27. Urken ML, Catalano PJ, Sen C, Post K, Futran N, Biller HF. Free tissue transfer for skull base reconstruction analysis of complications and a classification scheme for defining skull base defects. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993;119:1318-25.
28. Chiu ES, Kraus D, Bui DT, et al. Anterior and middle cranial fossa skull base reconstruction using microvascular free tissue techniques: surgical complications and functional outcomes. Ann Plast Surg 2008;60:514-20.
29. Kang SY, Spector ME, Chepeha DB. Perforator based rectus free tissue transfer for head and neck reconstruction: New reconstructive advantages from an old friend. Oral Oncol 2017;74:163-70.
30. Marchetti C, Gessaroli M, Cipriani R, Contedini F, Frattarelli M, Staffa G. Use of "perforator flaps" in skull base reconstruction after tumor resection. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;110:1303-9.
31. Hanasono MM, Sacks JM, Goel N, Ayad M, Skoracki RJ. The anterolateral thigh free flap for skull base reconstruction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009;140:855-60.
32. Iida H. The advantage of the anterolateral thigh flap for reconstruction of the anterior skull base defect in recurrent cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003;112:703-4.
33. Lo KC, Jeng CH, Lin HC, Hsieh CH, Chen CL. A free composite de-epithelialized anterolateral thigh and the vastus lateralis muscle flap for the reconstruction of a large defect of the anterior skull base: a case report. Microsurgery 2011;31:568-71.
34. Paprottka FJ, Krezdorn N, Ipaktchi R, Radtke C, Vogt PM. Plastic reconstructive surgery techniques for defect coverage of extended skull base defects. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2016;69:1266-74.
35. Shipchandler TZ, Waters HH, Knott PD, Fritz MA. Orbitomaxillary reconstruction using the layered fibula osteocutaneous flap. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2012;14:110-5.
36. Barrow DL, Nahai F, Tindall GT. The use of greater omentum vascularized free flaps for neurosurgical disorders requiring reconstruction. J Neurosurg 1984;60:305-11.
37. Yamada A, Harii K, Ueda K, Asato H. Free rectus abdominis muscle reconstruction of the anterior skull base. Br J Plast Surg 1992;45:302-6.
38. Ali RS, Bluebond-Langner R, Rodriguez ED, Cheng MH. The versatility of the anterolateral thigh flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009;124:e395-407.
39. Malata CM, Tehrani H, Kumiponjera D, Hardy DG, Moffat DA. Use of anterolateral thigh and lateral arm fasciocutaneous free flaps in lateral skull base reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 2006;57:169-75; discussion 176.
40. Karonidis A, Ren Chang L. Using the distal part of vastus lateralis muscle as chimeric anterolateral thigh free flap is a more flexible tool for head and neck reconstruction. Eur J Plast Surg 2010;33:1-5.
41. Amin A, Rifaat M, Civantos F, Weed D, Abu-Sedira M, Bassiouny M. Free anterolateral thigh flap for reconstruction of major craniofacial defects. J Reconstr Microsurg 2006;22:97-104.
42. Aksu AE, Uzun H, Bitik O, Tunçbilek G, Şafak T. Microvascular tissue transfers for midfacial and anterior cranial base reconstruction. J Craniofac Surg 2017;28:659-63.
43. Bidros RS, Metzinger SE, Guerra AB. The thoracodorsal artery perforator-scapular osteocutaneous (TDAP-SOC) flap for reconstruction of palatal and maxillary defects. Ann Plast Surg 2005;54:59-65.
44. Chepeha DB, Khariwala SS, Chanowski EJ, et al. Thoracodorsal artery scapular tip autogenous transplant: vascularized bone with a long pedicle and flexible soft tissue. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010;136:958-64.
45. Pusic AL, Chen CM, Patel S, Cordeiro PG, Shah JP. Microvascular reconstruction of the skull base: a clinical approach to surgical defect classification and flap selection. Skull Base 2007;17:5-15.
46. Yano T, Okazaki M, Tanaka K, et al. A new concept for classifying skull base defects for reconstructive surgery. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2012;73:125-31.
47. Hanasono MM, Silva A, Skoracki RJ, et al. Skull base reconstruction: an updated approach. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;128:675-86.
48. Yamamoto Y, Minakawa H, Kawashima K, et al. Experience with 24 cases of reconstructive anterior skull base surgery: classification and evaluation of postoperative facial appearance. Skull Base Surg 2000;10:65-70.
49. Turri-Zanoni M, Zocchi J, Lambertoni A, et al. Endoscopic endonasal reconstruction of anterior skull base defects: what factors really affect the outcomes? World Neurosurg 2018;116:e436-43.
50. Ruggeri AG, Cappelletti M, Giovannetti F, Priore P, Pichierri A, Delfini R. Proposal of standardization of closure techniques after endoscopic pituitary and skull base surgery based on postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak risk classification. J Craniofac Surg 2019;30:1027-32.
51. Thorp BD, Sreenath SB, Ebert CS, Zanation AM. Endoscopic skull base reconstruction: a review and clinical case series of 152 vascularized flaps used for surgical skull base defects in the setting of intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak. Neurosurg Focus 2014;37:E4.
52. Harvey RJ, Parmar P, Sacks R, Zanation AM. Endoscopic skull base reconstruction of large dural defects: a systematic review of published evidence. Laryngoscope 2012;122:452-9.
53. Clavenna MJ, Turner JH, Chandra RK. Pedicled flaps in endoscopic skull base reconstruction: review of current techniques. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015;23:71-7.
54. Fortes FS, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, et al. Transpterygoid transposition of a temporoparietal fascia flap: a new method for skull base reconstruction after endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches. Laryngoscope 2007;117:970-6.
55. Zanation AM, Snyderman CH, Carrau RL, Kassam AB, Gardner PA, Prevedello DM. Minimally invasive endoscopic pericranial flap: a new method for endonasal skull base reconstruction. Laryngoscope 2009;119:13-8.
56. Bresler AY, Mir G, Grube J, et al. Endoscopic paramedian forehead flap reconstruction of the anterior skull base for recalcitrant cerebrospinal fluid leaks: minimally invasive adaptation of ancient flap. World Neurosurg 2019;130:37-41.
57. Dang RP, Roland LT, Sharon JD, Doering M, Chicoine MR, Pipkorn P. Pedicle corridors and vessel options for free flap reconstruction following endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery: a systematic review. J Neurol Surg B 2019; doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1695001.
58. Pipkorn P, Lee JJ, Zenga J, Chicoine MR. Endoscopic adipofascial radial forearm free flap reconstruction of the skull base: a technical update. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2020; doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1710327.
59. Rodriguez-Lorenzo A, Driessen C, Mani M, Lidian A, Gudjonsson O, Stigare E. Endoscopic assisted insetting of free flaps in anterior skull base reconstruction: a preliminary report of five cases. Microsurgery 2020;40:460-7.
60. Krane NA, Troob SH, Wax MK. Combined endoscopic and transcervical approach for free flap reconstruction of nasopharyngeal and clival defects: a case report. Microsurgery 2019;39:259-62.
61. London NR Jr, Ishii M, Gallia G, Boahene KDO. Technique for reconstruction of large clival defects through an endoscopic-assisted tunneled retropharyngeal approach. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2018;8:1454-8.
62. Vieira S, Nabil A, Maza G, et al. Salvage free tissue transfer for clival osteoradionecrosis after repeat proton beam therapy. World Neurosurg 2020;138:485-90.
63. Kato H, Mizuta K, Yamada N, Ueda N, Ito Y. A new route for passing a free flap vascular pedicle using contralateral facial vessels as recipient vessels in skull base reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;130:212e-4e.
64. Rosko AJ, Ryan JT, Wizauer EJ, et al. Dorsal scapular artery as a recipient vessel in the vessel-depleted neck during free tissue transfer in head and neck reconstruction. Head Neck 2017;39:E72-6.
65. Seim NB, Old M, Petrisor D, et al. Head and neck free flap survival when requiring interposition vein grafting: A multi-instiutional review. Oral Oncol 2020;101:104482.
66. Hanick A, Ciolek P, Fritz M. Angular vessels for free-tissue transfer in head and neck reconstruction: clinical outcomes. Laryngoscope 2020;130:2589-92.
