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Figure 1. (A) Generation of a 3D kidney model through 3D reconstruction from CT scans; (B) 3D printed model, which is fabricated from the kidney’s 3D model using a 3D printer, aids in understanding anatomical features such as the kidney, tumor, and blood vessels; (C) 3D navigation via VR. The 3D model of the kidney can be viewed from various angles using devices such as a head-mounted display; (D) 3D navigation via AR. By overlaying the 3D kidney model onto the actual surgical view, detailed anatomical features can be grasped during surgery. No direct patient identifiers are included in this image. 3D: Three-dimensional; CT: computed tomography; VR: virtual reality; AR: augmented reality.